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inherit value from incompatible type%s: cannot modify limit: %s%s: cannot open temp file: %s%s: cannot open: %s%s: cannot overwrite existing file%s: cannot read: %s%s: cannot unset%s: cannot unset: readonly %s%s: circular name reference%s: command not found%s: dynamic builtin already loaded%s: error retrieving current directory: %s: %s %s: expression error %s: file is too large%s: file not found%s: first non-whitespace character is not `"'%s: hash table empty %s: history expansion failed%s: host unknown%s: illegal option -- %c %s: inlib failed%s: integer expression expected%s: invalid action name%s: invalid argument%s: invalid array origin%s: invalid callback quantum%s: invalid file descriptor specification%s: invalid indirect expansion%s: invalid limit argument%s: invalid line count%s: invalid option%s: invalid option name%s: invalid service%s: invalid shell option name%s: invalid signal specification%s: invalid timeout specification%s: invalid timestamp%s: invalid variable name%s: 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unbound variable%s: usage: %s: variable may not be assigned value' (( expression ))(core dumped) (wd now: %s) . filename [arguments]/dev/(tcp|udp)/host/port not supported without networking/tmp must be a valid directory nameABORT instructionAborting...Add directories to stack. Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. -N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory change fails.Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. -N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack.Alarm (profile)Alarm (virtual)Alarm clockArithmetic for loop. Equivalent to (( EXP1 )) while (( EXP2 )); do COMMANDS (( EXP3 )) done EXP1, EXP2, and EXP3 are arithmetic expressions. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.BPT trace/trapBad system callBogus signalBroken pipeBus errorCPU limitChange the shell working directory. Change the current directory to DIR. The default DIR is the value of the HOME shell variable. The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing DIR. Alternative directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name is the same as the current directory. If DIR begins with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used. If the directory is not found, and the shell option `cdable_vars' is set, the word is assumed to be a variable name. If that variable has a value, its value is used for DIR. Options: -L force symbolic links to be followed: resolve symbolic links in DIR after processing instances of `..' -P use the physical directory structure without following symbolic links: resolve symbolic links in DIR before processing instances of `..' -e if the -P option is supplied, and the current working directory cannot be determined successfully, exit with a non-zero status -@ on systems that support it, present a file with extended attributes as a directory containing the file attributes The default is to follow symbolic links, as if `-L' were specified. `..' is processed by removing the immediately previous pathname component back to a slash or the beginning of DIR. Exit Status: Returns 0 if the directory is changed, and if $PWD is set successfully when -P is used; non-zero otherwise.Child death or stopCommon shell variable names and usage. BASH_VERSION Version information for this Bash. CDPATH A colon-separated list of directories to search for directories given as arguments to `cd'. GLOBIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns describing filenames to be ignored by pathname expansion. HISTFILE The name of the file where your command history is stored. HISTFILESIZE The maximum number of lines this file can contain. HISTSIZE The maximum number of history lines that a running shell can access. HOME The complete pathname to your login directory. HOSTNAME The name of the current host. HOSTTYPE The type of CPU this version of Bash is running under. IGNOREEOF Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an EOF character as the sole input. If set, then the value of it is the number of EOF characters that can be seen in a row on an empty line before the shell will exit (default 10). When unset, EOF signifies the end of input. MACHTYPE A string describing the current system Bash is running on. MAILCHECK How often, in seconds, Bash checks for new mail. MAILPATH A colon-separated list of filenames which Bash checks for new mail. OSTYPE The version of Unix this version of Bash is running on. PATH A colon-separated list of directories to search when looking for commands. PROMPT_COMMAND A command to be executed before the printing of each primary prompt. PS1 The primary prompt string. PS2 The secondary prompt string. PWD The full pathname of the current directory. SHELLOPTS A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. TERM The name of the current terminal type. TIMEFORMAT The output format for timing statistics displayed by the `time' reserved word. auto_resume Non-null means a command word appearing on a line by itself is first looked for in the list of currently stopped jobs. If found there, that job is foregrounded. A value of `exact' means that the command word must exactly match a command in the list of stopped jobs. A value of `substring' means that the command word must match a substring of the job. Any other value means that the command must be a prefix of a stopped job. histchars Characters controlling history expansion and quick substitution. The first character is the history substitution character, usually `!'. The second is the `quick substitution' character, usually `^'. The third is the `history comment' character, usually `#'. HISTIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which commands should be saved on the history list. ContinueCopyright (C) 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.Create a coprocess named NAME. Execute COMMAND asynchronously, with the standard output and standard input of the command connected via a pipe to file descriptors assigned to indices 0 and 1 of an array variable NAME in the executing shell. The default NAME is "COPROC". Exit Status: The coproc command returns an exit status of 0.DEBUG warning: Define local variables. Create a local variable called NAME, and give it VALUE. OPTION can be any option accepted by `declare'. Local variables can only be used within a function; they are visible only to the function where they are defined and its children. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied, a variable assignment error occurs, or the shell is not executing a function.Define or display aliases. Without arguments, `alias' prints the list of aliases in the reusable form `alias NAME=VALUE' on standard output. Otherwise, an alias is defined for each NAME whose VALUE is given. A trailing space in VALUE causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. Options: -p print all defined aliases in a reusable format Exit Status: alias returns true unless a NAME is supplied for which no alias has been defined.Define shell function. Create a shell function named NAME. When invoked as a simple command, NAME runs COMMANDs in the calling shell's context. When NAME is invoked, the arguments are passed to the function as $1...$n, and the function's name is in $FUNCNAME. Exit Status: Returns success unless NAME is readonly.Display directory stack. Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get back up through the list with the `popd' command. Options: -c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements -l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative to your home directory -p print the directory stack with one entry per line -v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed with its position in the stack Arguments: +N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.Display information about builtin commands. Displays brief summaries of builtin commands. If PATTERN is specified, gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN, otherwise the list of help topics is printed. Options: -d output short description for each topic -m display usage in pseudo-manpage format -s output only a short usage synopsis for each topic matching PATTERN Arguments: PATTERN Pattern specifying a help topic Exit Status: Returns success unless PATTERN is not found or an invalid option is given.Display information about command type. For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name. Options: -a display all locations containing an executable named NAME; includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if the `-p' option is not also used -f suppress shell function lookup -P force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias, builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file that would be executed -p returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file' -t output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword', `function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not found, respectively Arguments: NAME Command name to be interpreted. Exit Status: Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found.Display or execute commands from the history list. fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history list. FIRST and LAST can be numbers specifying the range, or FIRST can be a string, which means the most recent command beginning with that string. Options: -e ENAME select which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then EDITOR, then vi -l list lines instead of editing -n omit line numbers when listing -r reverse the order of the lines (newest listed first) With the `fc -s [pat=rep ...] [command]' format, COMMAND is re-executed after the substitution OLD=NEW is performed. A useful alias to use with this is r='fc -s', so that typing `r cc' runs the last command beginning with `cc' and typing `r' re-executes the last command. Exit Status: Returns success or status of executed command; non-zero if an error occurs.Display or manipulate the history list. Display the history list with line numbers, prefixing each modified entry with a `*'. An argument of N lists only the last N entries. Options: -c clear the history list by deleting all of the entries -d offset delete the history entry at position OFFSET. Negative offsets count back from the end of the history list -a append history lines from this session to the history file -n read all history lines not already read from the history file and append them to the history list -r read the history file and append the contents to the history list -w write the current history to the history file -p perform history expansion on each ARG and display the result without storing it in the history list -s append the ARGs to the history list as a single entry If FILENAME is given, it is used as the history file. Otherwise, if HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history. If the HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed otherwise. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs.Display or set file mode mask. Sets the user file-creation mask to MODE. If MODE is omitted, prints the current value of the mask. If MODE begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is a symbolic mode string like that accepted by chmod(1). Options: -p if MODE is omitted, output in a form that may be reused as input -S makes the output symbolic; otherwise an octal number is output Exit Status: Returns success unless MODE is invalid or an invalid option is given.Display possible completions depending on the options. Intended to be used from within a shell function generating possible completions. If the optional WORD argument is supplied, matches against WORD are generated. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.Display process times. Prints the accumulated user and system times for the shell and all of its child processes. Exit Status: Always succeeds.Display status of jobs. Lists the active jobs. JOBSPEC restricts output to that job. Without options, the status of all active jobs is displayed. Options: -l lists process IDs in addition to the normal information -n lists only processes that have changed status since the last notification -p lists process IDs only -r restrict output to running jobs -s restrict output to stopped jobs If -x is supplied, COMMAND is run after all job specifications that appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job's process group leader. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs. If -x is used, returns the exit status of COMMAND.Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get back up through the list with the `popd' command. Options: -c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements -l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative to your home directory -p print the directory stack with one entry per line -v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed with its position in the stack Arguments: +N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.DoneDone(%d)EMT instructionEnable and disable shell builtins. Enables and disables builtin shell commands. Disabling allows you to execute a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin without using a full pathname. Options: -a print a list of builtins showing whether or not each is enabled -n disable each NAME or display a list of disabled builtins -p print the list of builtins in a reusable format -s print only the names of Posix `special' builtins Options controlling dynamic loading: -f Load builtin NAME from shared object FILENAME -d Remove a builtin loaded with -f Without options, each NAME is enabled. To use the `test' found in $PATH instead of the shell builtin version, type `enable -n test'. Exit Status: Returns success unless NAME is not a shell builtin or an error occurs.Evaluate arithmetic expression. The EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules for arithmetic evaluation. Equivalent to `let "EXPRESSION"'. Exit Status: Returns 1 if EXPRESSION evaluates to 0; returns 0 otherwise.Evaluate arithmetic expressions. Evaluate each ARG as an arithmetic expression. Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The following list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. id++, id-- variable post-increment, post-decrement ++id, --id variable pre-increment, pre-decrement -, + unary minus, plus !, ~ logical and bitwise negation ** exponentiation *, /, % multiplication, division, remainder +, - addition, subtraction <<, >> left and right bitwise shifts <=, >=, <, > comparison ==, != equality, inequality & bitwise AND ^ bitwise XOR | bitwise OR && logical AND || logical OR expr ? expr : expr conditional operator =, *=, /=, %=, +=, -=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |= assignment Shell variables are allowed as operands. The name of the variable is replaced by its value (coerced to a fixed-width integer) within an expression. The variable need not have its integer attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. Exit Status: If the last ARG evaluates to 0, let returns 1; let returns 0 otherwise.Evaluate conditional expression. Exits with a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evaluation of EXPR. Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well. The behavior of test depends on the number of arguments. Read the bash manual page for the complete specification. File operators: -a FILE True if file exists. -b FILE True if file is block special. -c FILE True if file is character special. -d FILE True if file is a directory. -e FILE True if file exists. -f FILE True if file exists and is a regular file. -g FILE True if file is set-group-id. -h FILE True if file is a symbolic link. -L FILE True if file is a symbolic link. -k FILE True if file has its `sticky' bit set. -p FILE True if file is a named pipe. -r FILE True if file is readable by you. -s FILE True if file exists and is not empty. -S FILE True if file is a socket. -t FD True if FD is opened on a terminal. -u FILE True if the file is set-user-id. -w FILE True if the file is writable by you. -x FILE True if the file is executable by you. -O FILE True if the file is effectively owned by you. -G FILE True if the file is effectively owned by your group. -N FILE True if the file has been modified since it was last read. FILE1 -nt FILE2 True if file1 is newer than file2 (according to modification date). FILE1 -ot FILE2 True if file1 is older than file2. FILE1 -ef FILE2 True if file1 is a hard link to file2. String operators: -z STRING True if string is empty. -n STRING STRING True if string is not empty. STRING1 = STRING2 True if the strings are equal. STRING1 != STRING2 True if the strings are not equal. STRING1 < STRING2 True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically. STRING1 > STRING2 True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically. Other operators: -o OPTION True if the shell option OPTION is enabled. -v VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set. -R VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set and is a name reference. ! EXPR True if expr is false. EXPR1 -a EXPR2 True if both expr1 AND expr2 are true. EXPR1 -o EXPR2 True if either expr1 OR expr2 is true. arg1 OP arg2 Arithmetic tests. OP is one of -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, or -ge. Arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal, not-equal, less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equal than ARG2. Exit Status: Returns success if EXPR evaluates to true; fails if EXPR evaluates to false or an invalid argument is given.Evaluate conditional expression. This is a synonym for the "test" builtin, but the last argument must be a literal `]', to match the opening `['.Execute a simple command or display information about commands. Runs COMMAND with ARGS suppressing shell function lookup, or display information about the specified COMMANDs. Can be used to invoke commands on disk when a function with the same name exists. Options: -p use a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities -v print a description of COMMAND similar to the `type' builtin -V print a more verbose description of each COMMAND Exit Status: Returns exit status of COMMAND, or failure if COMMAND is not found.Execute arguments as a shell command. Combine ARGs into a single string, use the result as input to the shell, and execute the resulting commands. Exit Status: Returns exit status of command or success if command is null.Execute commands as long as a test does not succeed. Expand and execute COMMANDS-2 as long as the final command in COMMANDS has an exit status which is not zero. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands as long as a test succeeds. Expand and execute COMMANDS-2 as long as the final command in COMMANDS has an exit status of zero. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands based on conditional. The `if COMMANDS' list is executed. If its exit status is zero, then the `then COMMANDS' list is executed. Otherwise, each `elif COMMANDS' list is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding `then COMMANDS' list is executed and the if command completes. Otherwise, the `else COMMANDS' list is executed, if present. The exit status of the entire construct is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands based on pattern matching. Selectively execute COMMANDS based upon WORD matching PATTERN. The `|' is used to separate multiple patterns. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands for each member in a list. The `for' loop executes a sequence of commands for each member in a list of items. If `in WORDS ...;' is not present, then `in "$@"' is assumed. For each element in WORDS, NAME is set to that element, and the COMMANDS are executed. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands from a file in the current shell. Read and execute commands from FILENAME in the current shell. The entries in $PATH are used to find the directory containing FILENAME. If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional parameters when FILENAME is executed. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed in FILENAME; fails if FILENAME cannot be read.Execute conditional command. Returns a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the same primaries used by the `test' builtin, and may be combined using the following operators: ( EXPRESSION ) Returns the value of EXPRESSION ! EXPRESSION True if EXPRESSION is false; else false EXPR1 && EXPR2 True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true; else false EXPR1 || EXPR2 True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true; else false When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is used as a pattern and pattern matching is performed. When the `=~' operator is used, the string to the right of the operator is matched as a regular expression. The && and || operators do not evaluate EXPR2 if EXPR1 is sufficient to determine the expression's value. Exit Status: 0 or 1 depending on value of EXPRESSION.Execute shell builtins. Execute SHELL-BUILTIN with arguments ARGs without performing command lookup. This is useful when you wish to reimplement a shell builtin as a shell function, but need to execute the builtin within the function. Exit Status: Returns the exit status of SHELL-BUILTIN, or false if SHELL-BUILTIN is not a shell builtin.Exit %dExit a login shell. Exits a login shell with exit status N. Returns an error if not executed in a login shell.Exit for, while, or until loops. Exit a FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified, break N enclosing loops. Exit Status: The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1.Exit the shell. Exits the shell with a status of N. If N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.File limitFloating point exceptionFormats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT. Options: -v var assign the output to shell variable VAR rather than display it on the standard output FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output; character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output; and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive argument. In addition to the standard format specifications described in printf(1), printf interprets: %b expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument %q quote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input %Q like %q, but apply any precision to the unquoted argument before quoting %(fmt)T output the date-time string resulting from using FMT as a format string for strftime(3) The format is re-used as necessary to consume all of the arguments. If there are fewer arguments than the format requires, extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a write or assignment error occurs.GNU bash, version %s (%s) GNU bash, version %s-(%s) GNU long options: General help using GNU software: Group commands as a unit. Run a set of commands in a group. This is one way to redirect an entire set of commands. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.HFT input data pendingHFT monitor mode grantedHFT monitor mode retractedHFT sound sequence has completedHOME not setHangupI have no name!I/O readyINFORM: Illegal instructionInformation requestInterruptKilledLicense GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later Mark shell variables as unchangeable. Mark each NAME as read-only; the values of these NAMEs may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before marking as read-only. Options: -a refer to indexed array variables -A refer to associative array variables -f refer to shell functions -p display a list of all readonly variables or functions, depending on whether or not the -f option is given An argument of `--' disables further option processing. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid.Modify or display completion options. Modify the completion options for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, the completion currently being executed. If no OPTIONs are given, print the completion options for each NAME or the current completion specification. Options: -o option Set completion option OPTION for each NAME -D Change options for the "default" command completion -E Change options for the "empty" command completion -I Change options for completion on the initial word Using `+o' instead of `-o' turns off the specified option. Arguments: Each NAME refers to a command for which a completion specification must have previously been defined using the `complete' builtin. If no NAMEs are supplied, compopt must be called by a function currently generating completions, and the options for that currently-executing completion generator are modified. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or NAME does not have a completion specification defined.Modify shell resource limits. Provides control over the resources available to the shell and processes it creates, on systems that allow such control. Options: -S use the `soft' resource limit -H use the `hard' resource limit -a all current limits are reported -b the socket buffer size -c the maximum size of core files created -d the maximum size of a process's data segment -e the maximum scheduling priority (`nice') -f the maximum size of files written by the shell and its children -i the maximum number of pending signals -k the maximum number of kqueues allocated for this process -l the maximum size a process may lock into memory -m the maximum resident set size -n the maximum number of open file descriptors -p the pipe buffer size -q the maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues -r the maximum real-time scheduling priority -s the maximum stack size -t the maximum amount of cpu time in seconds -u the maximum number of user processes -v the size of virtual memory -x the maximum number of file locks -P the maximum number of pseudoterminals -R the maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking -T the maximum number of threads Not all options are available on all platforms. If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; the special LIMIT values `soft', `hard', and `unlimited' stand for the current soft limit, the current hard limit, and no limit, respectively. Otherwise, the current value of the specified resource is printed. If no option is given, then -f is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -t, which is in seconds, -p, which is in increments of 512 bytes, and -u, which is an unscaled number of processes. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.Move job to the foreground. Place the job identified by JOB_SPEC in the foreground, making it the current job. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used. Exit Status: Status of command placed in foreground, or failure if an error occurs.Move jobs to the background. Place the jobs identified by each JOB_SPEC in the background, as if they had been started with `&'. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used. Exit Status: Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs.Null command. No effect; the command does nothing. Exit Status: Always succeeds.OLDPWD not setParse option arguments. Getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters as options. OPTSTRING contains the option letters to be recognized; if a letter is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. Each time it is invoked, getopts will place the next option in the shell variable $name, initializing name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the shell variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, getopts places that argument into the shell variable OPTARG. getopts reports errors in one of two ways. If the first character of OPTSTRING is a colon, getopts uses silent error reporting. In this mode, no error messages are printed. If an invalid option is seen, getopts places the option character found into OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, getopts places a ':' into NAME and sets OPTARG to the option character found. If getopts is not in silent mode, and an invalid option is seen, getopts places '?' into NAME and unsets OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, a '?' is placed in NAME, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. If the shell variable OPTERR has the value 0, getopts disables the printing of error messages, even if the first character of OPTSTRING is not a colon. OPTERR has the value 1 by default. Getopts normally parses the positional parameters, but if arguments are supplied as ARG values, they are parsed instead. Exit Status: Returns success if an option is found; fails if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs.Print the name of the current working directory. Options: -L print the value of $PWD if it names the current working directory -P print the physical directory, without any symbolic links By default, `pwd' behaves as if `-L' were specified. Exit Status: Returns 0 unless an invalid option is given or the current directory cannot be read.QuitRead a line from the standard input and split it into fields. Reads a single line from the standard input, or from file descriptor FD if the -u option is supplied. The line is split into fields as with word splitting, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the second NAME, and so on, with any leftover words assigned to the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as word delimiters. By default, the backslash character escapes delimiter characters and newline. If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY variable. Options: -a array assign the words read to sequential indices of the array variable ARRAY, starting at zero -d delim continue until the first character of DELIM is read, rather than newline -e use Readline to obtain the line -i text use TEXT as the initial text for Readline -n nchars return after reading NCHARS characters rather than waiting for a newline, but honor a delimiter if fewer than NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter -N nchars return only after reading exactly NCHARS characters, unless EOF is encountered or read times out, ignoring any delimiter -p prompt output the string PROMPT without a trailing newline before attempting to read -r do not allow backslashes to escape any characters -s do not echo input coming from a terminal -t timeout time out and return failure if a complete line of input is not read within TIMEOUT seconds. The value of the TMOUT variable is the default timeout. TIMEOUT may be a fractional number. If TIMEOUT is 0, read returns immediately, without trying to read any data, returning success only if input is available on the specified file descriptor. The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded -u fd read from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input Exit Status: The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times out (in which case it's greater than 128), a variable assignment error occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u.Read lines from a file into an array variable. A synonym for `mapfile'.Read lines from the standard input into an indexed array variable. Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the -u option is supplied. The variable MAPFILE is the default ARRAY. Options: -d delim Use DELIM to terminate lines, instead of newline -n count Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are copied -O origin Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index is 0 -s count Discard the first COUNT lines read -t Remove a trailing DELIM from each line read (default newline) -u fd Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input -C callback Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read -c quantum Specify the number of lines read between each call to CALLBACK Arguments: ARRAY Array variable name to use for file data If -C is supplied without -c, the default quantum is 5000. When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element as additional arguments. If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear ARRAY before assigning to it. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or ARRAY is readonly or not an indexed array.Record lockRemember or display program locations. Determine and remember the full pathname of each command NAME. If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed. Options: -d forget the remembered location of each NAME -l display in a format that may be reused as input -p pathname use PATHNAME as the full pathname of NAME -r forget all remembered locations -t print the remembered location of each NAME, preceding each location with the corresponding NAME if multiple NAMEs are given Arguments: NAME Each NAME is searched for in $PATH and added to the list of remembered commands. Exit Status: Returns success unless NAME is not found or an invalid option is given.Remove directories from stack. Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0' removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second. -N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0' removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory change fails.Remove each NAME from the list of defined aliases. Options: -a remove all alias definitions Return success unless a NAME is not an existing alias.Remove jobs from current shell. Removes each JOBSPEC argument from the table of active jobs. Without any JOBSPECs, the shell uses its notion of the current job. Options: -a remove all jobs if JOBSPEC is not supplied -h mark each JOBSPEC so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a SIGHUP -r remove only running jobs Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option or JOBSPEC is given.Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0' removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second. -N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0' removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack.Replace the shell with the given command. Execute COMMAND, replacing this shell with the specified program. ARGUMENTS become the arguments to COMMAND. If COMMAND is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell. Options: -a name pass NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND -c execute COMMAND with an empty environment -l place a dash in the zeroth argument to COMMAND If the command cannot be executed, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the shell option `execfail' is set. Exit Status: Returns success unless COMMAND is not found or a redirection error occurs.Report time consumed by pipeline's execution. Execute PIPELINE and print a summary of the real time, user CPU time, and system CPU time spent executing PIPELINE when it terminates. Options: -p print the timing summary in the portable Posix format The value of the TIMEFORMAT variable is used as the output format. Exit Status: The return status is the return status of PIPELINE.Resume for, while, or until loops. Resumes the next iteration of the enclosing FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified, resumes the Nth enclosing loop. Exit Status: The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1.Resume job in foreground. Equivalent to the JOB_SPEC argument to the `fg' command. Resume a stopped or background job. JOB_SPEC can specify either a job name or a job number. Following JOB_SPEC with a `&' places the job in the background, as if the job specification had been supplied as an argument to `bg'. Exit Status: Returns the status of the resumed job.Return a successful result. Exit Status: Always succeeds.Return an unsuccessful result. Exit Status: Always fails.Return from a shell function. Causes a function or sourced script to exit with the return value specified by N. If N is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed within the function or script. Exit Status: Returns N, or failure if the shell is not executing a function or script.Return the context of the current subroutine call. Without EXPR, returns "$line $filename". With EXPR, returns "$line $subroutine $filename"; this extra information can be used to provide a stack trace. The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the current one; the top frame is frame 0. Exit Status: Returns 0 unless the shell is not executing a shell function or EXPR is invalid.Returns the context of the current subroutine call. Without EXPR, returns "$line $filename". With EXPR, returns "$line $subroutine $filename"; this extra information can be used to provide a stack trace. The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the current one; the top frame is frame 0.RunningSegmentation faultSelect words from a list and execute commands. The WORDS are expanded, generating a list of words. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error, each preceded by a number. If `in WORDS' is not present, `in "$@"' is assumed. The PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line read from the standard input. If the line consists of the number corresponding to one of the displayed words, then NAME is set to that word. If the line is empty, WORDS and the prompt are redisplayed. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other value read causes NAME to be set to null. The line read is saved in the variable REPLY. COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a break command is executed. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Send a signal to a job. Send the processes identified by PID or JOBSPEC the signal named by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM. If neither SIGSPEC nor SIGNUM is present, then SIGTERM is assumed. Options: -s sig SIG is a signal name -n sig SIG is a signal number -l list the signal names; if arguments follow `-l' they are assumed to be signal numbers for which names should be listed -L synonym for -l Kill is a shell builtin for two reasons: it allows job IDs to be used instead of process IDs, and allows processes to be killed if the limit on processes that you can create is reached. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs.Set Readline key bindings and variables. Bind a key sequence to a Readline function or a macro, or set a Readline variable. The non-option argument syntax is equivalent to that found in ~/.inputrc, but must be passed as a single argument: e.g., bind '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options: -m keymap Use KEYMAP as the keymap for the duration of this command. Acceptable keymap names are emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command, and vi-insert. -l List names of functions. -P List function names and bindings. -p List functions and bindings in a form that can be reused as input. -S List key sequences that invoke macros and their values -s List key sequences that invoke macros and their values in a form that can be reused as input. -V List variable names and values -v List variable names and values in a form that can be reused as input. -q function-name Query about which keys invoke the named function. -u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named function. -r keyseq Remove the binding for KEYSEQ. -f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME. -x keyseq:shell-command Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when KEYSEQ is entered. -X List key sequences bound with -x and associated commands in a form that can be reused as input. Exit Status: bind returns 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurs.Set and unset shell options. Change the setting of each shell option OPTNAME. Without any option arguments, list each supplied OPTNAME, or all shell options if no OPTNAMEs are given, with an indication of whether or not each is set. Options: -o restrict OPTNAMEs to those defined for use with `set -o' -p print each shell option with an indication of its status -q suppress output -s enable (set) each OPTNAME -u disable (unset) each OPTNAME Exit Status: Returns success if OPTNAME is enabled; fails if an invalid option is given or OPTNAME is disabled.Set export attribute for shell variables. Marks each NAME for automatic export to the environment of subsequently executed commands. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before exporting. Options: -f refer to shell functions -n remove the export property from each NAME -p display a list of all exported variables and functions An argument of `--' disables further option processing. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid.Set or unset values of shell options and positional parameters. Change the value of shell attributes and positional parameters, or display the names and values of shell variables. Options: -a Mark variables which are modified or created for export. -b Notify of job termination immediately. -e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status. -f Disable file name generation (globbing). -h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up. -k All assignment arguments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. -m Job control is enabled. -n Read commands but do not execute them. -o option-name Set the variable corresponding to option-name: allexport same as -a braceexpand same as -B emacs use an emacs-style line editing interface errexit same as -e errtrace same as -E functrace same as -T hashall same as -h histexpand same as -H history enable command history ignoreeof the shell will not exit upon reading EOF interactive-comments allow comments to appear in interactive commands keyword same as -k monitor same as -m noclobber same as -C noexec same as -n noglob same as -f nolog currently accepted but ignored notify same as -b nounset same as -u onecmd same as -t physical same as -P pipefail the return value of a pipeline is the status of the last command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if no command exited with a non-zero status posix change the behavior of bash where the default operation differs from the Posix standard to match the standard privileged same as -p verbose same as -v vi use a vi-style line editing interface xtrace same as -x -p Turned on whenever the real and effective user ids do not match. Disables processing of the $ENV file and importing of shell functions. Turning this option off causes the effective uid and gid to be set to the real uid and gid. -t Exit after reading and executing one command. -u Treat unset variables as an error when substituting. -v Print shell input lines as they are read. -x Print commands and their arguments as they are executed. -B the shell will perform brace expansion -C If set, disallow existing regular files to be overwritten by redirection of output. -E If set, the ERR trap is inherited by shell functions. -H Enable ! style history substitution. This flag is on by default when the shell is interactive. -P If set, do not resolve symbolic links when executing commands such as cd which change the current directory. -T If set, the DEBUG and RETURN traps are inherited by shell functions. -- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters. If there are no remaining arguments, the positional parameters are unset. - Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters. The -x and -v options are turned off. Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. The flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current set of flags may be found in $-. The remaining n ARGs are positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, .. $n. If no ARGs are given, all shell variables are printed. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given.Set variable values and attributes. A synonym for `declare'. See `help declare'.Set variable values and attributes. Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given, display the attributes and values of all variables. Options: -f restrict action or display to function names and definitions -F restrict display to function names only (plus line number and source file when debugging) -g create global variables when used in a shell function; otherwise ignored -I if creating a local variable, inherit the attributes and value of a variable with the same name at a previous scope -p display the attributes and value of each NAME Options which set attributes: -a to make NAMEs indexed arrays (if supported) -A to make NAMEs associative arrays (if supported) -i to make NAMEs have the `integer' attribute -l to convert the value of each NAME to lower case on assignment -n make NAME a reference to the variable named by its value -r to make NAMEs readonly -t to make NAMEs have the `trace' attribute -u to convert the value of each NAME to upper case on assignment -x to make NAMEs export Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the given attribute. Variables with the integer attribute have arithmetic evaluation (see the `let' command) performed when the variable is assigned a value. When used in a function, `declare' makes NAMEs local, as with the `local' command. The `-g' option suppresses this behavior. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or a variable assignment error occurs.Shell commands matching keyword `Shell commands matching keywords `Shell options: Shift positional parameters. Rename the positional parameters $N+1,$N+2 ... to $1,$2 ... If N is not given, it is assumed to be 1. Exit Status: Returns success unless N is negative or greater than $#.Signal %dSpecify how arguments are to be completed by Readline. For each NAME, specify how arguments are to be completed. If no options are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. Options: -p print existing completion specifications in a reusable format -r remove a completion specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications -D apply the completions and actions as the default for commands without any specific completion defined -E apply the completions and actions to "empty" commands -- completion attempted on a blank line -I apply the completions and actions to the initial (usually the command) word When completion is attempted, the actions are applied in the order the uppercase-letter options are listed above. If multiple options are supplied, the -D option takes precedence over -E, and both take precedence over -I. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.StoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stopped(%s)Suspend shell execution. Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT signal. Unless forced, login shells cannot be suspended. Options: -f force the suspend, even if the shell is a login shell Exit Status: Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs.TIMEFORMAT: `%c': invalid format characterTerminatedThe mail in %s has been read There are running jobs. There are stopped jobs. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general. Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list. A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it.Trap signals and other events. Defines and activates handlers to be run when the shell receives signals or other conditions. ARG is a command to be read and executed when the shell receives the signal(s) SIGNAL_SPEC. If ARG is absent (and a single SIGNAL_SPEC is supplied) or `-', each specified signal is reset to its original value. If ARG is the null string each SIGNAL_SPEC is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. If a SIGNAL_SPEC is EXIT (0) ARG is executed on exit from the shell. If a SIGNAL_SPEC is DEBUG, ARG is executed before every simple command. If a SIGNAL_SPEC is RETURN, ARG is executed each time a shell function or a script run by the . or source builtins finishes executing. A SIGNAL_SPEC of ERR means to execute ARG each time a command's failure would cause the shell to exit when the -e option is enabled. If no arguments are supplied, trap prints the list of commands associated with each signal. Options: -l print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers -p display the trap commands associated with each SIGNAL_SPEC Each SIGNAL_SPEC is either a signal name in or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. A signal may be sent to the shell with "kill -signal $$". Exit Status: Returns success unless a SIGSPEC is invalid or an invalid option is given.Type `%s -c "help set"' for more information about shell options. Type `%s -c help' for more information about shell builtin commands. Unknown Signal #%dUnknown errorUnknown statusUnset values and attributes of shell variables and functions. For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function. Options: -f treat each NAME as a shell function -v treat each NAME as a shell variable -n treat each NAME as a name reference and unset the variable itself rather than the variable it references Without options, unset first tries to unset a variable, and if that fails, tries to unset a function. Some variables cannot be unset; also see `readonly'. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a NAME is read-only.Urgent IO conditionUsage: %s [GNU long option] [option] ... %s [GNU long option] [option] script-file ... Use "%s" to leave the shell. Use the `bashbug' command to report bugs. User signal 1User signal 2Wait for job completion and return exit status. Waits for each process identified by an ID, which may be a process ID or a job specification, and reports its termination status. If ID is not given, waits for all currently active child processes, and the return status is zero. If ID is a job specification, waits for all processes in that job's pipeline. If the -n option is supplied, waits for a single job from the list of IDs, or, if no IDs are supplied, for the next job to complete and returns its exit status. If the -p option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the variable VAR named by the option argument. The variable will be unset initially, before any assignment. This is useful only when the -n option is supplied. If the -f option is supplied, and job control is enabled, waits for the specified ID to terminate, instead of waiting for it to change status. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last ID; fails if ID is invalid or an invalid option is given, or if -n is supplied and the shell has no unwaited-for children.Wait for process completion and return exit status. Waits for each process specified by a PID and reports its termination status. If PID is not given, waits for all currently active child processes, and the return status is zero. PID must be a process ID. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last PID; fails if PID is invalid or an invalid option is given.Window changedWrite arguments to the standard output. Display the ARGs on the standard output followed by a newline. Options: -n do not append a newline Exit Status: Returns success unless a write error occurs.Write arguments to the standard output. Display the ARGs, separated by a single space character and followed by a newline, on the standard output. Options: -n do not append a newline -e enable interpretation of the following backslash escapes -E explicitly suppress interpretation of backslash escapes `echo' interprets the following backslash-escaped characters: \a alert (bell) \b backspace \c suppress further output \e escape character \E escape character \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \\ backslash \0nnn the character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal). NNN can be 0 to 3 octal digits \xHH the eight-bit character whose value is HH (hexadecimal). HH can be one or two hex digits \uHHHH the Unicode character whose value is the hexadecimal value HHHH. HHHH can be one to four hex digits. \UHHHHHHHH the Unicode character whose value is the hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH. HHHHHHHH can be one to eight hex digits. Exit Status: Returns success unless a write error occurs.You have mail in $_You have new mail in $_[ arg... ][[ expression ]]`%c': bad command`%c': invalid format character`%c': invalid symbolic mode character`%c': invalid symbolic mode operator`%c': invalid time format specification`%s': cannot unbind`%s': cannot unbind in command keymap`%s': invalid alias name`%s': invalid keymap name`%s': invalid variable name for name reference`%s': is a special builtin`%s': missing format character`%s': not a pid or valid job spec`%s': not a valid identifier`%s': unknown function name`)' expected`)' expected, found %s`:' expected for conditional expressionadd_process: pid %5ld (%s) marked as still alivealias [-p] [name[=value] ... ]all_local_variables: no function context at current scopeargumentargument expectedarray variable support requiredattempted assignment to non-variablebad array subscriptbad command typebad connectorbad jumpbad substitution: no closing "`" in %sbad substitution: no closing `%s' in %sbash home page: bash_execute_unix_command: cannot find keymap for commandbg [job_spec ...]bgp_delete: LOOP: psi (%d) == storage[psi].bucket_nextbgp_search: LOOP: psi (%d) == storage[psi].bucket_nextbind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyseq] [-x keyseq:shell-command] [keyseq:readline-function or readline-command]brace expansion: cannot allocate memory for %sbrace expansion: failed to allocate memory for %u elementsbrace expansion: failed to allocate memory for `%s'break [n]bug: bad expassign tokenbuiltin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]caller [expr]can only `return' from a function or sourced scriptcan only be used in a functioncannot allocate new file descriptor for bash input from fd %dcannot create temp file for here-document: %scannot duplicate fd %d to fd %dcannot duplicate named pipe %s as fd %dcannot find %s in shared object %s: %scannot make child for command substitutioncannot make child for process substitutioncannot make pipe for command substitutioncannot make pipe for process substitutioncannot open named pipe %s for readingcannot open named pipe %s for writingcannot open shared object %s: %scannot redirect standard input from /dev/null: %scannot reset nodelay mode for fd %dcannot set and unset shell options simultaneouslycannot set gid to %d: effective gid %dcannot set terminal process group (%d)cannot set uid to %d: effective uid %dcannot simultaneously unset a function and a variablecannot start debugger; debugging mode disabledcannot suspendcannot suspend a login shellcannot use `-f' to make functionscannot use more than one of -anrwcase WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esaccd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir]child setpgid (%ld to %ld)command [-pVv] command [arg ...]command substitution: ignored null byte in inputcommand_substitute: cannot duplicate pipe as fd 1compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word]complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [name ...]completion: function `%s' not foundcompopt [-o|+o option] [-DEI] [name ...]conditional binary operator expectedcontinue [n]coproc [NAME] command [redirections]could not find /tmp, please create!cprintf: `%c': invalid format charactercurrentdeclare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [name[=value] ...] or declare -p [-aAfFilnrtux] [name ...]deleting stopped job %d with process group %lddescribe_pid: %ld: no such piddirectory stack emptydirectory stack indexdirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N]disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...]division by 0dynamic loading not availableecho [-n] [arg ...]echo [-neE] [arg ...]empty array variable nameenable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...]error getting terminal attributes: %serror importing function definition for `%s'error setting terminal attributes: %seval [arg ...]eval: maximum eval nesting level exceeded (%d)exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [argument ...]] [redirection ...]execute_coproc: coproc [%d:%s] still existsexit [n]expected `)'exponent less than 0export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -pexpression expectedexpression recursion level exceededfc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [command]fg [job_spec]file descriptor out of rangefilename argument requiredfor (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; donefor NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; doneforked pid %d appears in running job %dformat parsing problem: %sfree: called with already freed block argumentfree: called with unallocated block argumentfree: start and end chunk sizes differfree: underflow detected; magic8 corruptedfree: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of rangefunction name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; }future versions of the shell will force evaluation as an arithmetic substitutiongetcwd: cannot access parent directoriesgetopts optstring name [arg ...]hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...]hashing disabledhelp [-dms] [pattern ...]help not available in this versionhere-document at line %d delimited by end-of-file (wanted `%s')history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps arg [arg...]history positionhistory specificationhits command identifier expected after pre-increment or pre-decrementif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else COMMANDS; ] fiinitialize_job_control: getpgrp failedinitialize_job_control: line disciplineinitialize_job_control: no job control in backgroundinitialize_job_control: setpgidinvalid arithmetic baseinvalid baseinvalid character %d in exportstr for %sinvalid hex numberinvalid integer constantinvalid numberinvalid octal numberinvalid signal numberjob %d started without job controljob_spec [&]jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args]kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ... or kill -l [sigspec]last command: %s let arg [arg ...]limitline %d: line editing not enabledload function for %s returns failure (%d): not loadedlocal [option] name[=value] ...logout logout [n]loop countmake_here_document: bad instruction type %dmake_local_variable: no function context at current scopemake_redirection: redirection instruction `%d' out of rangemalloc: block on free list clobberedmalloc: failed assertion: %s mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]maximum here-document count exceededmigrate process to another CPUmissing `)'missing `]'missing hex digit for \xmissing unicode digit for \%cnetwork operations not supportedno `=' in exportstr for %sno closing `%c' in %sno command foundno help topics match `%s'. Try `help help' or `man -k %s' or `info %s'.no job controlno job control in this shellno match: %sno other directoryno other options allowed with `-x'not currently executing completion functionnot login shell: use `exit'null directoryoctal numberonly meaningful in a `for', `while', or `until' looppipe errorpop_scope: head of shell_variables not a temporary environment scopepop_var_context: head of shell_variables not a function contextpop_var_context: no global_variables contextpopd [-n] [+N | -N]power failure imminentpretty-printing mode ignored in interactive shellsprint_command: bad connector `%d'printf [-v var] format [arguments]progcomp_insert: %s: NULL COMPSPECprogrammable_completion: %s: possible retry loopprogramming errorpushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]pwd [-LP]read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]read error: %d: %sreadarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -prealloc: called with unallocated block argumentrealloc: start and end chunk sizes differrealloc: underflow detected; magic8 corruptedrealloc: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of rangerecursion stack underflowredirection error: cannot duplicate fdregister_alloc: %p already in table as allocated? register_alloc: alloc table is full with FIND_ALLOC? register_free: %p already in table as free? restrictedreturn [n]run_pending_traps: bad value in trap_list[%d]: %prun_pending_traps: signal handler is SIG_DFL, resending %d (%s) to myselfsave_bash_input: buffer already exists for new fd %dselect NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; doneset [-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o option-name] [--] [-] [arg ...]setlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s)setlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s): %ssetlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (%s)setlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (%s): %sshell level (%d) too high, resetting to 1shell_getc: shell_input_line_size (%zu) exceeds SIZE_MAX (%lu): line truncatedshift [n]shift countshopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]sigprocmask: %d: invalid operationsource filename [arguments]start_pipeline: pgrp pipesuspend [-f]syntax errorsyntax error in conditional expressionsyntax error in conditional expression: unexpected token `%s'syntax error in expressionsyntax error in variable assignmentsyntax error near `%s'syntax error near unexpected token `%s'syntax error: `%s' unexpectedsyntax error: `((%s))'syntax error: `;' unexpectedsyntax error: arithmetic expression requiredsyntax error: invalid arithmetic operatorsyntax error: operand expectedsyntax error: unexpected end of filesystem crash imminenttest [expr]time [-p] pipelinetoo many argumentstrap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]trap handler: maximum trap handler level exceeded (%d)trap_handler: bad signal %dtype [-afptP] name [name ...]typeset [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] name[=value] ... or typeset -p [-aAfFilnrtux] [name ...]ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT] [limit]umask [-p] [-S] [mode]unalias [-a] name [name ...]unexpected EOF while looking for `]]'unexpected EOF while looking for matching `%c'unexpected EOF while looking for matching `)'unexpected argument `%s' to conditional binary operatorunexpected argument `%s' to conditional unary operatorunexpected argument to conditional binary operatorunexpected argument to conditional unary operatorunexpected token %d in conditional commandunexpected token `%c' in conditional commandunexpected token `%s' in conditional commandunexpected token `%s', conditional binary operator expectedunexpected token `%s', expected `)'unknownunknown command errorunset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...]until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS-2; donevalue too great for basevariables - Names and meanings of some shell variableswait [-fn] [-p var] [id ...]wait [pid ...]wait: pid %ld is not a child of this shellwait_for: No record of process %ldwait_for_job: job %d is stoppedwaitchld: turning on WNOHANG to avoid indefinite blockwarning: warning: %s: %swarning: -C option may not work as you expectwarning: -F option may not work as you expectwhile COMMANDS; do COMMANDS-2; donewrite error: %sxtrace fd (%d) != fileno xtrace fp (%d)xtrace_set: %d: invalid file descriptorxtrace_set: NULL file pointer{ COMMANDS ; }Project-Id-Version: bash 5.2-rc1 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: PO-Revision-Date: 2022-07-28 01:08+0800 Last-Translator: Yi-Jyun Pan Language-Team: Chinese (traditional) Language: zh_TW MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0; X-Bugs: Report translation errors to the Language-Team address. X-Generator: Poedit 3.1.1  等待輸入逾時：自動登出 -%s or -o é¸é … -irsD 或 -c <指令> 或 -O (僅é©åˆå‘¼å«) malloc: %s:%d: 主張已修補 (工作目錄: %s) (核心已傾å°) 列 $%s: 無法如此指派%c%c：無效é¸é …%d: 無效的檔案æ述符: %s%s å¯ä»¥è¢«å‘¼å«ï¼Œè—‰ç”± %s 有空的 exportstr%s 是 %s %s 是一個函數 %s 是 shell 內建命令 %s 是 shell é—œéµå­— %s 是特別的 shell 內建命令 %s 是「%sã€çš„別å %s 已進行雜湊æ“作 (%s) %s 未與任何按éµç¶å®šã€‚ %s 超出範åœ%s%s%s: %s (錯誤字組是「%sã€)%s: %s%s：%s 超出範åœ%s: %s: ä¸ç•¶çš„直譯器%s: %s: 無法åšç‚ºæª”案開啟%s: %s: 相容版本數值超出範åœ%s: %s: 追蹤檔案æ述符的值無效%s: %s: 指派為關è¯é™£åˆ—時必須使用下標%s: %s:%d: ç„¡æ³•åˆ†é… %lu ä½å…ƒçµ„%s: %s:%d: ç„¡æ³•åˆ†é… %lu ä½å…ƒçµ„ (å·²åˆ†é… %lu ä½å…ƒçµ„)%s: 是一個目錄%s：模稜兩å¯çš„工作è¦æ ¼%s: 模稜兩å¯çš„é‡å®šå‘%s: åƒæ•¸å¿…須是行程或工作 ID%s：指定數字至å稱åƒè€ƒ%s：ä¸ç•¶çš„網路路徑è¦æ ¼%s: 錯誤的å–代%s: 需è¦äºŒå…ƒè¡¨ç¤ºå¼%s: ç„¡æ³•åˆ†é… %lu ä½å…ƒçµ„%s: ç„¡æ³•åˆ†é… %lu ä½å…ƒçµ„ (å·²åˆ†é… %lu ä½å…ƒçµ„)%s：無法指定%s: 無法將檔案æ述符指派給變數%s: 無法將串列指派給陣列æˆå“¡%s: 無法指派為éžæ•¸å­—的索引%s: 無法將關è¯é™£åˆ—轉化為索引陣列%s: 無法將索引陣列轉化為關è¯é™£åˆ—%s: 無法建立: %s%s: 無法刪除: %s%s: 無法以這種方å¼éŠ·æ¯€é™£åˆ—變數%s: 無法執行二進ä½æª”案%s: 無法執行二進ä½æª”案: %s%s: 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從而åªæœ‰å †ç–Šè¢«æ“作。 åƒæ•¸ï¼š +N 輪轉堆疊使得第 N 個目錄(「dirsã€çš„ 輸出列表中左起，從 0 開始) å‡è‡³å †ç–Šé ‚端。 -N 輪轉堆疊使得第 N 個目錄(「dirsã€çš„ 輸出列表中å³èµ·ï¼Œå¾ž 0 開始) å‡è‡³å †ç–Šé ‚端 dir 新增目錄至堆疊頂端，並 使其æˆç‚ºæ–°çš„ç›®å‰å·¥ä½œç›®éŒ„。 「dirsã€å…§å»ºæŒ‡ä»¤é¡¯ç¤ºç›®éŒ„堆疊。警報(å´å¯«)警報(虛擬)鬧é˜ç®—è¡“ for 迴圈。 等價於 (( EXP1 )) while (( EXP2 )); do <指令> (( EXP3 )) done EXP1ã€EXP2 å’Œ EXP3 都是算術表示å¼ã€‚如果çœç•¥ä»»ä½•è¡¨ç¤ºå¼ï¼Œ 則等åŒæ–¼ä½¿ç”¨äº†æ±‚值為 1 的表示å¼ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳最後執行指令的狀態。斷點追蹤/陷阱無效系統呼å«å½è¨Šè™Ÿç®¡ç·šæ壞匯æµæŽ’錯誤CPU é™åˆ¶è®Šæ›´ shell 工作目錄。 變更目å‰ç›®éŒ„至 <目錄>。é è¨­çš„ <目錄> 是 shell 變數 HOME 的值。 變數 CDPATH 定義了å«æœ‰ <目錄> 的目錄æœå°‹è·¯å¾‘，其中ä¸åŒçš„目錄å稱由冒號 (:)分隔。 一個空的目錄å稱表示目å‰ç›®éŒ„。如果è¦åˆ‡æ›åˆ°çš„ <目錄> 由斜線 (/) 開頭，則 CDPATH 變數ä¸æœƒè¢«ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚ 如果路徑找ä¸åˆ°ï¼Œä¸¦ä¸” shell é¸é …「cdable_varsã€è¢«è¨­å®šï¼Œå‰‡åƒæ•¸è©žè¢«å‡å®šç‚ºä¸€å€‹ 變數åã€‚å¦‚æžœè©²è®Šæ•¸æœ‰å€¼ï¼Œå‰‡å®ƒçš„å€¼è¢«ç•¶åš <目錄>。 é¸é …： -L 強制跟隨符號連çµ: 在處ç†ã€Œ..ã€ä¹‹å¾Œè§£æž <目錄> 中的符號連çµã€‚ -P 使用實體目錄çµæ§‹è€Œä¸è·Ÿéš¨ç¬¦è™Ÿé€£çµ: 在處ç†ã€Œ..ã€ä¹‹å‰è§£æž <目錄> 中的符號連çµã€‚ -e 如果使用了 -P åƒæ•¸ï¼Œä½†ä¸èƒ½æˆåŠŸç¢ºå®šç›®å‰å·¥ä½œç›®éŒ„時，回傳éžé›¶çš„回傳值。 -@ 在支æ´æ“´å……屬性的系統上，將一個有這些屬性的檔案當åšæœ‰æª”案屬性的目錄。 é è¨­æƒ…æ³ä¸‹è·Ÿéš¨ç¬¦è™Ÿé€£çµï¼Œå¦‚åŒæŒ‡å®šã€Œ-Lã€ã€‚ 「..ã€ä½¿ç”¨ç§»é™¤å‘å‰ç›¸é„°ç›®éŒ„åæˆå“¡ç›´åˆ° <目錄> 開始或一個斜線的方å¼è™•ç†ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 如果目錄變更，或在使用 -P é¸é …時 $PWD 修改æˆåŠŸæ™‚回傳 0，å¦å‰‡éžé›¶ã€‚å­è¡Œç¨‹å·²æ­»æˆ–者åœæ­¢å¸¸ç”¨ shell 變數å稱和使用。 BASH_VERSION ç›®å‰ Bash 的版本資訊。 CDPATH 用於「cdã€æŒ‡ä»¤åƒæ•¸æœå°‹åˆ†è™Ÿåˆ†éš”的目錄列表 GLOBIGNORE 路徑擴充套件時忽略的檔å符åˆæ¨¡å¼åˆ—表， 以分號分隔。 HISTFILE 您的指令歷å²è¨˜éŒ„存放的檔案å稱。 HISTFILESIZE æ­·å²è¨˜éŒ„檔案最多å¯ä»¥å„²å­˜çš„列數。 HISTSIZE 一個執行的 shell 最多å¯ä»¥è¨ªå•çš„æ­·å²è¨˜éŒ„指令列數。 HOME 您登入目錄的完整路徑。 HOSTNAME ç›®å‰ä¸»æ©Ÿçš„主機å稱。 HOSTTYPE ç›®å‰ç‰ˆæœ¬çš„ BASH 在其之上執行的 CPU 類型。 IGNOREEOF 控制 shell 收到檔案çµæŸç¬¦åšç‚ºå–®ä¸€è¼¸å…¥å¾Œçš„ 動作。如果設定這個變數，則它的值是 shell çµæŸä¹‹å‰åœ¨ 一個空列上å¯ä»¥é€£çºŒçœ‹åˆ°çš„檔案çµæŸç¬¦æ•¸é‡(é è¨­ç‚º 10)。 未設定時，檔案çµæŸç¬¦æ¨™èªŒè‘—輸入的çµæŸã€‚ MACHTYPE æè¿°ç›®å‰åŸ·è¡Œ Bash 的系統字串。 MAILCHECK Bash 檢測新郵件的頻率，以秒為單ä½ã€‚ MAILPATH Bash 從中檢測新郵件的檔案列表，以分號分隔。 OSTYPE 執行 Bash çš„ Unix 版本。 PATH 當尋找指令時æœå°‹çš„目錄列表，以冒號分隔。 PROMPT_COMMAND å°å‡ºæ¯ä¸€å€‹ä¸»æ示符之å‰åŸ·è¡Œçš„命 令。 PS1 主æ示符字串。 PS2 從æ示符字串。 PWD ç›®å‰ç›®éŒ„的完整路徑。 SHELLOPTS 已啟用的 shell é¸é …列表，以冒號分隔。 TERM ç›®å‰çµ‚端類型的å稱。 TIMEFORMAT 以關éµå‰‡ã€Œtimeã€é¡¯ç¤ºçš„時間統計資訊的輸出 æ ¼å¼ã€‚ auto_resume éžç©ºæ™‚，一個單ç¨çš„æŒ‡ä»¤è©žæœƒé¦–å…ˆè¢«åœ¨ç›®å‰ åœæ­¢çš„工作列表中æœå°‹ã€‚如果找到則該工作被置於å‰è‡ºã€‚ 如果值為「exactã€å‰‡æ„味著指令詞必須精確符åˆåœæ­¢å·¥ä½œ 列表中的指令。如果值為「substringã€å‰‡æ„味著指令詞必 須符åˆå·¥ä½œçš„一個å­å­—串。任何其他的值æ„味著指令詞 必須是åœæ­¢å·¥ä½œçš„一個字首。 histchars 控制歷å²è¨˜éŒ„展開和快速å–代的字元。第一個字元是 æ­·å²è¨˜éŒ„å–代字元，通常是「!ã€ã€‚第二個字元是快速å–代字元， 通常是「^ã€ã€‚第三個是歷å²è¨˜éŒ„註釋字元，通常是「#ã€ã€‚ HISTIGNORE 用於決定哪些指令被存入歷å²è¨˜éŒ„æª”æ¡ˆçš„æ¨¡å¼ åˆ—è¡¨ï¼Œä»¥å†’è™Ÿåˆ†éš”ã€‚ 繼續著作權所有 (C) 2022 自由軟體基金會建立一個以 <å稱> 為å的副行程。 éžåŒæ­¥åŸ·è¡Œ <指令>，在執行 shell 中的陣列變數 <å稱> çš„ 0 號和 1 號元素åšç‚ºæª”案æ述符，以一個管é“連接指令 分別åšç‚ºæŒ‡ä»¤çš„標準輸出和輸入è£ç½®ã€‚ é è¨­çš„ <å稱> 是「COPROCã€ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š coprc 指令回傳離開代碼 0。除錯警告：定義本機變數。 建立一個以 <å稱> 為å稱的變數，並且將 VALUE 指派給它。 OPTION é¸é …å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ä»»ä½•èƒ½è¢«ã€Œdeclareã€æŽ¥å—çš„é¸é …。 本機變數åªèƒ½åœ¨å‡½æ•¸å…§éƒ¨è¢«ä½¿ç”¨ï¼Œå®ƒå€‘åªèƒ½åœ¨å®šç¾©å®ƒå€‘的函數內 部以åŠå­å‡½æ•¸ä¸­å¯è¦‹ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …ã€ç™¼ç”Ÿäº†æŒ‡æ´¾éŒ¯èª¤æˆ–者 shell ä¸åœ¨åŸ·è¡Œä¸€å€‹å‡½æ•¸ã€‚定義或顯示別å。 ä¸å¸¶åƒæ•¸æ™‚，「aliasã€ä»¥å¯é‡ç”¨çš„æ ¼å¼ ã€Œalias å稱=值ã€åœ¨æ¨™æº–輸出è£ç½®ä¸Šå°å‡ºåˆ¥å列表。 å¦å‰‡ï¼Œå°æ–¼æ¯å€‹æŒ‡å®šå€¼çš„å稱定義一個別å。 值末尾的空格會使下一個字詞被檢測 åšç‚ºåˆ¥åå–代展開。 é¸é …： -p 以å¯é‡ç”¨çš„æ ¼å¼å°å‡ºæ‰€æœ‰çš„已定義別å çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 除éžä¸€å€‹æ²’有定義的å字被åšç‚ºåƒæ•¸æ供，å¦å‰‡ alias 回傳值為真。定義 shell 函數。 建立一個以 <å稱> 為åçš„ shell 函數。當åšç‚ºä¸€å€‹ç°¡å–®çš„指令啟用時， <å稱> å‡½æ•¸åŸ·è¡Œå‘¼å« shell 語境中的 COMMANDs 指令。當 <å稱> 被啟用時，åƒæ•¸åšç‚º $1…$n 被傳éžçµ¦å‡½æ•¸ï¼Œå‡½æ•¸çš„å字儲存在變數 $FUNCNAME 中。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸé™¤éž <å稱> 為唯讀。顯示目錄堆疊。 顯示目å‰è¨˜ä½çš„目錄列表。藉由「pushdã€æŒ‡ä»¤å¯ä»¥å°‡ç›®éŒ„存入列表 中；「popdã€æŒ‡ä»¤å¯ç”¨æ–¼é歷彈出列表。 é¸é …： -c 刪除所有元素以清空目錄堆疊 -l ä¸å°å‡ºèˆ‡ä¸»ç›®éŒ„相關的波浪號字首的目錄 -p æ¯åˆ—一個æ¢ç›®å°å‡ºç›®éŒ„堆疊 -v æ¯åˆ—一個æ¢ç›®ï¼Œä»¥å †ç–Šä¸­ä½ç½®ç‚ºå­—首å°å‡ºç›®éŒ„堆疊 åƒæ•¸ï¼š +N 顯示 dirs ä¸å¸¶é¸é …啟動時顯示的目錄列表左起中第 N 個目錄，從零開始。 -N 顯示 dirs ä¸å¸¶é¸é …啟動時顯示的目錄列表å³èµ·ä¸­ç¬¬ N 個目錄，從零開始。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …或者發生錯誤。顯示內建指令的相關資訊。 顯示內建指令的簡略資訊。如果指定了 PATTERN 模å¼ï¼Œ çµ¦å‡ºæ‰€æœ‰ç¬¦åˆ PATTERN 模å¼æŒ‡ä»¤çš„詳細說明，å¦å‰‡å°å‡º 一個說明主題列表 é¸é …： -d 輸出æ¯å€‹ä¸»é¡Œçš„簡短æè¿° -m ä»¥å½ man 手冊的格å¼é¡¯ç¤ºä½¿ç”¨æ–¹æ³• -s 為æ¯ä¸€å€‹ç¬¦åˆ PATTERN 模å¼çš„主題僅顯示一個用法 簡介 åƒæ•¸ï¼š PATTERN Pattern 模å¼æŒ‡å®šä¸€å€‹èªªæ˜Žä¸»é¡Œ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éž PATTERN 模å¼æ²’有找到或者使用了無效é¸é …。顯示指令類型的資訊。 å°æ–¼æ¯ä¸€å€‹ NAME，指示用作指令å稱時的解釋方å¼ã€‚ é¸é …： -a 顯示所有包å«å為 NAME çš„å¯åŸ·è¡Œæª”案的ä½ç½®ã€‚ 包括別åã€å…§å»ºå’Œå‡½æ•¸ï¼ˆè‹¥ä¸”唯若 “-p†é¸é …未使用時）。 -f 抑制 shell 函數查詢 -P 為æ¯å€‹ NAME 強制進行 PATH 路徑æœå°‹ï¼Œå³ä½¿å®ƒæ˜¯åˆ¥å〠內建或函數，並回傳將被執行的ç£ç¢Ÿæª”案å稱。 -p 回傳將被執行的ç£ç¢Ÿä¸Šæª”案的å稱，或者在 “type -t NAME†回傳值ä¸æ˜¯ “file†時，ä¸å›žå‚³ä»»ä½•å€¼ã€‚ -t 回傳 “aliasâ€ã€â€œkeywordâ€ã€â€œfunctionâ€ã€â€œbuiltinâ€ã€â€œfile†或 “â€ï¼Œå°æ‡‰åˆ° NAME 是別åã€shell ä¿ç•™å­—ã€shell 函數〠內建命令ã€ç£ç¢Ÿæª”案或找ä¸åˆ°æª”案。 引數： NAME å°‡è¦è§£æžçš„指令。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 若找到所有的 NAME，則回傳æˆåŠŸï¼›æœ‰ä»»ä½•ä¸€å€‹æ²’找到，則回傳失敗。從歷å²è¨˜éŒ„列表中顯示或者執行指令。 fc 被用於從歷å²è¨˜éŒ„列表中列出或者é‡æ–°ç·¨è¼¯ä¸¦åŸ·è¡ŒæŒ‡ä»¤ã€‚ FIRST å’Œ LAST 變數å¯ä»¥æ˜¯æ•¸å­—用於指定範åœï¼Œæˆ–者 FIRST å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ 字串，æ„味著以這個字串開頭的最近一個指令。 é¸é …： -e ENAME é¸æ“‡ä½¿ç”¨å“ªå€‹ç·¨è¼¯å™¨ã€‚é è¨­çš„是 FCEDIT，然後是 EDITOR， 然後是 vi -l 列出列而ä¸ç·¨è¼¯ -n 列舉時çœç•¥åˆ—號 -r å轉列的順åº(最新列在å‰) 用「fc -s [模å¼=å–代 …] [指令]ã€çš„æ ¼å¼ï¼ŒCOMMAND 指令會在 OLD=NEW å–代之後被é‡æ–°åŸ·è¡Œã€‚ r=「fc -sã€æ˜¯ä¸€å€‹æœ‰ç”¨çš„別å，這樣的話輸入「r ccã€æœƒåŸ·è¡Œæœ€å¾Œä¸€å€‹ä»¥ã€Œcc〠開頭的指令，輸入「rã€æœƒé‡æ–°åŸ·è¡Œæœ€å¾Œä¸€å€‹æŒ‡ä»¤ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œæˆ–者執行指令的狀態；如果錯誤發生則回傳éžé›¶ã€‚顯示或æ“縱歷å²è¨˜éŒ„列表。 帶列號顯示歷å²è¨˜éŒ„列表，將æ¯å€‹è¢«ä¿®æ”¹çš„æ¢ç›®åŠ ä¸Šå­—首「*ã€ã€‚ åƒæ•¸ N 會僅列出最後的 N 個æ¢ç›®ã€‚ é¸é …： -c 刪除所有æ¢ç›®å¾žè€Œæ¸…空歷å²è¨˜éŒ„列表。 -d åç§»é‡ å¾žæŒ‡å®šä½ç½®åˆªé™¤æ­·å²è¨˜éŒ„列表。負數å移é‡æœƒå¾žæ­·å²è¨˜éŒ„列表 的尾端數回來。 -a 將目å‰å·¥ä½œéšŽæ®µçš„æ­·å²è¨˜éŒ„列追加到歷å²è¨˜éŒ„檔案中 -n 從歷å²è¨˜éŒ„檔案中讀å–所有未被讀å–的列 並且將它們追加到歷å²åˆ—表 -r 讀å–æ­·å²è¨˜éŒ„檔案並將內容追加到歷å²è¨˜éŒ„列表中 -w 將目å‰æ­·å²è¨˜éŒ„寫入到歷å²è¨˜éŒ„檔案中，並追加到歷å²è¨˜éŒ„列表中 -p å°æ¯ä¸€å€‹ <åƒæ•¸> 展開歷å²è¨˜éŒ„並顯示çµæžœï¼Œè€Œä¸å„²å­˜åˆ°æ­·å²è¨˜éŒ„列表中 -s 以單æ¢ç´€éŒ„追加 <åƒæ•¸> 到歷å²è¨˜éŒ„列表中 如果指定了 <檔å>，則它將被åšç‚ºæ­·å²è¨˜éŒ„檔案。å¦å‰‡ 如果 $HISTFILE 變數有值的話使用之，ä¸ç„¶ä½¿ç”¨ ~/.bash_history 檔案。 如果 $HISTTIMEFORMAT 變數被設定並且ä¸ç‚ºç©ºï¼Œå®ƒçš„值會被用於 strftime(3) çš„æ ¼å¼å­—串來å°å‡ºèˆ‡æ¯ä¸€å€‹é¡¯ç¤ºçš„æ­·å²è¨˜éŒ„æ¢ç›®æƒ³é—œè¯çš„時 間戳，å¦å‰‡ä¸å°å‡ºæ™‚間戳。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …或者發生錯誤。顯示或設定檔案模å¼é®ç½©ã€‚ 設定使用者檔案建立é®ç½©ç‚º MODE 模å¼ã€‚如果çœç•¥äº† MODE，則 å°å‡ºç›®å‰é®ç½©çš„值。 如果 MODE 模å¼ä»¥æ•¸å­—開頭，則被當åšå…«é€²ä½æ•¸å­—解æžï¼›å¦å‰‡æ˜¯ä¸€å€‹ chmod(1) å¯æŽ¥æ”¶çš„符號模å¼ä¸²ã€‚ é¸é …： -p 如果çœç•¥ MDOE 模å¼ï¼Œä»¥å¯é‡ç”¨ç‚ºè¼¸å…¥çš„æ ¼å¼è¼¸å…¥ -S 以符號形å¼è¼¸å‡ºï¼Œå¦å‰‡ä»¥å…«é€²ä½æ•¸å­—æ ¼å¼è¼¸å‡º çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„ MODE 模å¼æˆ–者é¸é …。ä¾æ“šé¸é …顯示å¯èƒ½çš„自動完æˆå»ºè­°ã€‚ æ„圖在能產生å¯èƒ½çš„è‡ªå‹•å®Œæˆ shell 函數內部使用。 如果æ供了å¯é¸çš„ WORD åƒæ•¸ï¼Œå‰‡ç”¢ç”ŸæŒ‰ç…§ WORD 進行的符åˆã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 除éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆé¸é …或者錯誤發生，å¦å‰‡å›žå‚³æˆåŠŸã€‚顯示行程時間 å°å‡º shell åŠå…¶æ‰€æœ‰å­è¡Œç¨‹çš„累計使用者空間和 系統空間執行時間。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 一律æˆåŠŸã€‚顯示工作狀態。 列出活動的工作。JOBSPEC é™åˆ¶åƒ…輸出指定的工作。 ä¸å¸¶é¸é …時，所有活動工作的狀態都會顯示。 é¸é …： -l 在正常資訊基礎上列出行程識別碼 -n 僅列出上次通告之後變更了狀態的行程 -p 僅列出行程識別碼 -r é™åˆ¶åƒ…輸出執行中的工作 -s é™åˆ¶åƒ…輸出åœæ­¢çš„工作 如果使用了 -x é¸é …，<åƒæ•¸> 中的所有工作è¦æ ¼æœƒè¢«å–代為該工作 的行程群組首領的行程識別碼，然後執行 COMMAND 指令。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …或者有錯誤發生。 如果使用 -x é¸é …，則回傳 COMMAND 指令的çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ã€‚顯示目å‰è¨˜ä½çš„目錄列表。 目錄 藉由「pushdã€æŒ‡ä»¤åŠ å…¥é€™å€‹åˆ—表；您å¯ä»¥ 使用「popdã€æŒ‡ä»¤å°åˆ—表進行é歷。 é¸é …: -c 刪除所有元素以清除目錄堆疊 -l ä¸å°å‡ºèˆ‡å®¶ç›®éŒ„相關的以波浪號 為字首的目錄 -p æ¯åˆ—一個æ¢ç›®å°å‡ºç›®éŒ„堆疊 -v 以堆疊ä½ç½®ç‚ºå­—首，æ¯åˆ—一個æ¢ç›® å°å‡ºç›®éŒ„堆疊 åƒæ•¸: +N 以 dirs ä¸å¸¶é¸é …輸出的順åºï¼Œå¾žå·¦èµ·ç¬¬ N 個æ¢ç›®é¡¯ç¤ºåˆ—表， 從 0 開始。 -N 以 dirs ä¸å¸¶é¸é …輸出的順åºï¼Œå¾žå³èµ·ç¬¬ N 個項目顯示列表， 從 0 開始。已完æˆå·²å®Œæˆ(%d)模擬器陷阱指令啟用和åœç”¨ shell 內建命令。 啟用和åœç”¨ shell 的內建指令。åœç”¨ä½¿æ‚¨èƒ½å¤ åŸ·è¡Œä¸€å€‹å’Œå…§å»º 指令åŒåç£ç¢Ÿä¸Šçš„指令，而無須使用完整的路徑å。 é¸é …： -a å°å‡ºä¸€å€‹å…§å»ºçš„列表，並顯示其中æ¯ä¸€å€‹æ˜¯å¦å•Ÿç”¨ -n åœç”¨æ¯ä¸€å€‹ <å稱> 內建或者顯示一個被åœç”¨çš„內建列表 -p 以å¯é‡ç”¨çš„æ ¼å¼å°å‡ºä¸€å€‹å…§å»ºçš„列表 -s 僅å°å‡º Posix「special〠內建的å稱 控制動態載入的é¸é …： -f 從共享物件 <檔å> 檔案中載入 <å稱> 內建 -d 刪除以 -f é¸é …載入的內建 ä¸å¸¶é¸é …時，æ¯ä¸€å€‹ <å稱> 內建都被啟用。 如果è¦ä½¿ç”¨ $PATH 中找到的「testã€è€Œä¸æ˜¯ shell 內建命令的版本， 輸入「enable -n testã€ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éž <å稱> ä¸æ˜¯ä¸€å€‹ shell 內建命令或者有錯誤發生。求值算術表示å¼ã€‚ <表示å¼> 按照算術法則進行求值。 等價於「let 表示å¼ã€ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 如果表示å¼æ±‚值為 0 則回傳 1ï¼›å¦å‰‡å›žå‚³ 0。求值算術表示å¼ã€‚ å°‡æ¯å€‹ <åƒæ•¸> åšç‚ºç®—術表示å¼ä¾†æ±‚值。求值的計算以定寬的整 數完æˆï¼Œä¸å¸¶æº¢ä½æª¢æ¸¬ï¼Œä¸éŽé™¤ 0 是被置陷阱的並且會報一個錯 誤。下列é‹ç®—å­è¢«æŒ‰ç…§ç›¸åŒçš„算術優先順åºçµ„åˆã€‚列表的順åºæŒ‰ç…§ 優先順åºå¾žé«˜è‡³ä½Žã€‚ id++, id-- 變數後置加，後置減 ++id, --id 變數å‰ç½®åŠ ï¼Œå‰ç½®æ¸› -, + 一元減法，一元加法 !, ~ é‚輯和ä½å–å ** 指數 *, /, % 乘法，除法，å–餘數 +, - 增加，減少 <<, >> å‘左和å‘å³æŒ‰ä½ç§»ä½ <=, >=, <, > 比較 ==, != 等於，ä¸ç­‰æ–¼ & 按ä½èˆ‡ ^ 按ä½ç•°æˆ– | 按ä½æˆ– && é‚輯與 || é‚輯或 expr ? expr : expr æ¢ä»¶é‹ç®—å­ =, *=, /=, %=, +=, -=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |= 指派 Shell 變數å…許åšç‚ºé‹ç®—元。表示å¼ä¸­çš„變數å稱會以值å–代 (強制轉æ›ç‚ºå®šå¯¬çš„整數)。表示å¼ä¸­çš„變數ä¸éœ€è¦é–‹å•Ÿæ•´æ•¸å±¬æ€§ã€‚ é‹ç®—å­æŒ‰ç…§å„ªå…ˆé †åºé€²è¡Œæ±‚值。括號中的å­è¡¨ç¤ºå¼å°‡è¢«å…ˆæ±‚值，並å¯å–代上述表示å¼è¦å‰‡ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 如果最後一個 <åƒæ•¸> 求值為 0，則 let 回傳 1ï¼›å¦å‰‡ let 回傳 0。å°æ¢ä»¶è¡¨ç¤ºå¼é€²è¡Œæ±‚值。 根據 EXPR 表示å¼çš„求值以狀態 0 (真) 或 1 (å½) çµæŸã€‚ 表示å¼å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ä¸€å…ƒæˆ–者二元的。一元表示å¼é€šå¸¸ç”¨æ–¼æª¢æ¸¬ 檔案狀態。åŒæ™‚還有字串é‹ç®—å­å’Œæ•¸å­—比較é‹ç®—å­ã€‚ 檔案é‹ç®—å­ï¼š -a 檔案 如果檔案存在則為真。 -b 檔案 如果檔案為å€å¡Šç‰¹æ®Šæª”案則為真。 -c 檔案 如果檔案為字元特殊檔案則為真。 -d 檔案 如果檔案為目錄則為真。 -e 檔案 如果檔案存在則為真。 -f 檔案 如果檔案存在且為一般檔案則為真。 -g 檔案 如果檔案的群組屬性設定開啟則為真。 -h 檔案 如果檔案為符號連çµå‰‡ç‚ºçœŸã€‚ -L 檔案 如果檔案為符號連çµå‰‡ç‚ºçœŸã€‚ -k 檔案 如果檔案的é»è‘—ä½å…ƒå·²è¨­å®šå‰‡ç‚ºçœŸã€‚ -p 檔案 如果檔案為命å管é“則為真。 -r 檔案 如果檔案å°æ–¼æ‚¨æ˜¯å¯è®€çš„則為真。 -s 檔案 如果檔案存在且ä¸ç‚ºç©ºå‰‡ç‚ºçœŸã€‚ -S 檔案 如果檔案是通訊端則為真。 -t 檔案æ述符 如果檔案æ述符在終端上開啟則為真。 -u 檔案 如果檔案的使用者數列設定開啟則為真。 -w 檔案 如果檔案å°æ‚¨æ˜¯å¯å¯«çš„則為真 -x 檔案 如果檔案å°æ‚¨æ˜¯å¯åŸ·è¡Œçš„則為真。 -O 檔案 如果檔案是您所有的則為真。 -G 檔案 如果檔案是您的群組所有則為真。 -N 檔案 如果檔案上次被讀å–之後修改éŽå‰‡ç‚ºçœŸã€‚ FILE1 -nt FILE2 如果 file1 檔案新於 file2 檔案則為真(根據 修改日期)。 FILE1 -ot FILE2 如果 file1 檔案舊於 file2 檔案則為真。 FILE1 -ef FILE2 如果 file1 檔案是 file2 檔案的硬å¼é€£çµå‰‡ç‚ºçœŸã€‚ 字串é‹ç®—å­ -z 字串 如果字串為空則為真。 -n 字串 字串 如果字串ä¸ç‚ºç©ºå‰‡ç‚ºçœŸã€‚ STRING1 = STRING2 如果 string1 å’Œ string2 字串相åŒå‰‡ç‚ºçœŸã€‚ STRING1 != STRING2 如果 string1 å’Œ string2 字串ä¸ç›¸åŒå‰‡ç‚ºçœŸã€‚ STRING1 < STRING2 å¦‚æžœæŒ‰å­—å…¸æŽ’åº string1 在 string2 串之å‰å‰‡ç‚ºçœŸã€‚ STRING1 > STRING2 å¦‚æžœæŒ‰å­—å…¸æŽ’åº string1 在 string2 串之å‰å‰‡ç‚ºçœŸã€‚ 其他é‹ç®—å­ï¼š -o é¸é … 如果指定 shell é¸é …啟用則為真。 -v VAR 如果指定 Shell 變數 VAR 已指派則為真。 -R VAR 如果指定 Shell 變數 VAR 已指派且為å稱引用則為真。 ! EXPR å¦‚æžœè¡¨ç¤ºå¼ expr 為å‡å‰‡ç‚ºçœŸã€‚ EXPR1 -a EXPR2 如果 expr1 å’Œ expr2 都為真則為真。 EXPR1 -o EXPR2 如果 expr1 å’Œ expr2 有一個為真則為真。 arg1 OP arg2 算術測試。OP é‹ç®—å­å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ -eqã€-ne〠-ltã€-leã€-gtã€æˆ– -ge 之一。 二元算術é‹ç®—回傳真，如果 ARG1 åƒæ•¸ç­‰æ–¼ã€ä¸ç­‰æ–¼ã€ å°æ–¼ã€å°æ–¼ç­‰æ–¼ã€å¤§æ–¼ã€æˆ–者大於等於 ARG2 åƒæ•¸ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 如果 EXPR 表示å¼æ±‚值為真則回傳æˆåŠŸï¼›å¦‚æžœ EXPR 表示å¼æ±‚值 為å‡æˆ–者使用了無效的åƒæ•¸å‰‡å›žå‚³å¤±æ•—。求值æ¢ä»¶è¡¨ç¤ºå¼ã€‚ 是內建指令「testã€çš„åŒç¾©è©žï¼Œä½†æ˜¯æœ€å¾Œä¸€å€‹åƒæ•¸å¿…須是 字元「]ã€ï¼Œä»¥ç¬¦åˆèµ·å§‹çš„「[ã€ã€‚執行一個簡單指令或者顯示指令的相關資訊。 帶 ARGS åƒæ•¸åŸ·è¡Œ COMMAND 指令且抑制 shell 函數查詢，或顯示 指定的 COMMAND 指令的資訊。å¯ä»¥åœ¨å­˜åœ¨ç›¸åŒå稱函數定義的 情æ³ä¸‹è¢«ç”¨æ–¼å•Ÿå‹•ç£ç¢Ÿä¸Šçš„指令。 é¸é …： -p 使用 PATH 變數的一個é è¨­å€¼ä»¥ç¢ºä¿æ‰€æœ‰çš„標準工具都能被找到。 -v å°å‡º COMMAND 指令的æ述，和「typeã€å…§å»ºç›¸ä¼¼ -V å°å‡ºæ¯å€‹ COMMAND 指令的詳細æè¿° çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳 COMMAND 指令的回傳狀態，或者當找ä¸åˆ° COMMAND 指令時失敗。將åƒæ•¸åšç‚º shell 指令執行。 å°‡ <åƒæ•¸> åˆæˆä¸€å€‹å­—串，用çµæžœåšç‚º shell 的輸入， 並且執行得到的指令。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 以指令的狀態çµæŸï¼Œæˆ–者在指令為空的情æ³ä¸‹å›žå‚³æˆåŠŸã€‚åªè¦æ¸¬è©¦ä¸æˆåŠŸå³åŸ·è¡ŒæŒ‡ä»¤ã€‚ åªè¦ COMMANDS 中的最後一æ¢å‘½ä»¤å›žå‚³äº†ä¸æ˜¯ 0 çš„çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ç¢¼ï¼Œ 便會展開並執行 COMMANDS-2。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳最後一個執行指令的狀態。åªè¦æ¸¬è©¦æˆåŠŸå³åŸ·è¡ŒæŒ‡ä»¤ã€‚ åªè¦ COMMANDS 中的最後一æ¢å‘½ä»¤å›žå‚³äº†çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ç¢¼ 0， 便會展開並執行 COMMANDS-2。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳最後一個執行指令的狀態。根據æ¢ä»¶åŸ·è¡ŒæŒ‡ä»¤ã€‚ 「if <指令>ã€åˆ—表被執行。如果çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ç‚ºé›¶ï¼Œå‰‡åŸ·è¡Œã€Œthen <指令>〠列表。å¦å‰‡æŒ‰é †åºåŸ·è¡Œæ¯å€‹ã€Œelif <指令>ã€åˆ—表，並且如果它的çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ç‚º 零，則執行å°æ‡‰çš„「then <指令>ã€åˆ—表並且 if 指令終止。å¦å‰‡å¦‚果存在的 情æ³ä¸‹ï¼ŒåŸ·è¡Œã€Œelse <指令>ã€åˆ—表。整個çµæ§‹çš„çµæŸç‹€æ…‹æ˜¯æœ€å¾Œä¸€å€‹åŸ·è¡Œ 指令的狀態，或者如果沒有æ¢ä»¶æ¸¬è©¦ç‚ºçœŸçš„話，則為零。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳最後一個執行指令的狀態。基於模å¼ç¬¦åˆä¾†åŸ·è¡ŒæŒ‡ä»¤ã€‚ 基於 PATTERN 模å¼ç¬¦åˆçš„å­—è©ž WORD，有é¸æ“‡çš„執行 <指令>。 「|ã€ç”¨æ–¼åˆ†éš”多個模å¼ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳最後一個執行指令的狀態。為列表中的æ¯å€‹æˆå“¡åŸ·è¡ŒæŒ‡ä»¤ã€‚ 「forã€è¿´åœˆç‚ºåˆ—表中的æ¯å€‹æˆå“¡åŸ·è¡Œä¸€ç³»åˆ—的指令。如果沒有 「in WORDS ...;ã€å‰‡å‡å®šä½¿ç”¨ã€Œin "$@"ã€ã€‚å°æ–¼ WORDS ä¸­çš„æ¯ å€‹å…ƒç´ ï¼Œ<å稱> 被設定為該元素，並且執行 <指令>。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š å›žå‚³æœ€å¾ŒåŸ·è¡ŒæŒ‡ä»¤çš„ç‹€æ…‹ã€‚åœ¨ç›®å‰ shell 中執行一個檔案中的指令。 åœ¨ç›®å‰ shell 中讀å–並執行 <檔å> 檔案中的指令。$PATH 變數中的 æ¢ç›®è¢«ç”¨æ–¼å°‹æ‰¾åŒ…å« <檔å> 檔案的目錄。如果æ供了任何的 <åƒæ•¸> åƒæ•¸ï¼Œå‰‡å®ƒå€‘å°‡æˆç‚º <檔å> 檔案執行時的ä½ç½®åƒæ•¸ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳 <檔å> 檔案中最後一個指令的狀態；如果 <檔å> 檔案ä¸å¯è®€å‰‡å¤±æ•—。執行æ¢ä»¶æŒ‡ä»¤ã€‚ 根據æ¢ä»¶è¡¨ç¤ºå¼ EXPRESSION 的求值回傳狀態 0 或 1。表示å¼æŒ‰ç…§ 「testã€å…§å»ºçš„相åŒæ¢ä»¶çµ„æˆï¼Œæˆ–者å¯ä»¥æœ‰ä¸‹åˆ—é‹ç®—å­é€£æŽ¥è€Œæˆï¼š ( EXPRESSION ) 回傳 EXPRESSION 表示å¼çš„值 ! EXPRESSION 如果 EXPRESSION 表示å¼ç‚ºå‡å‰‡ç‚ºçœŸï¼Œå¦å‰‡ç‚ºå‡ EXPR1 && EXPR2 如果 EXPR1 å’Œ EXPR2 表示å¼å‡ç‚ºçœŸå‰‡ç‚ºçœŸï¼Œå¦å‰‡ç‚ºå‡ EXPR1 || EXPR2 如果 EXPR1 å’Œ EXPR2 表示å¼ä¸­æœ‰ä¸€å€‹ç‚ºçœŸå‰‡ç‚ºçœŸï¼Œå¦å‰‡ç‚ºå‡ 當使用「==ã€å’Œã€Œ!=ã€é‹ç®—å­æ™‚，é‹ç®—å­å³é‚Šçš„字串被用作模å¼ä¸¦ä¸”執行一個 符åˆã€‚當使用「=~ã€é‹ç®—å­æ™‚，é‹ç®—å­å³é‚Šçš„字串被當åšæ­£è¦è¡¨ç¤ºå¼ä¾†é€²è¡Œ 符åˆã€‚ é‹ç®—å­ && å’Œ || å°‡ä¸å° EXPR2 表示å¼é€²è¡Œæ±‚值，如果 EXPR1 表示å¼è¶³å¤ ç¢ºå®š 整個表示å¼çš„值。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 根據 EXPRESSION 的值為 0 或 1。執行 shell 內建命令。 帶 <åƒæ•¸> 執行 而ä¸åšæŒ‡ä»¤æŸ¥è©¢ 在希望以 shell 函數的形å¼ä¾†é‡æ–°å¯¦ç¾ shell 內建命令， 但需è¦åœ¨å‡½æ•¸ä¹‹å…§åŸ·è¡Œè©² shell 內建命令的情æ³ä¸‹æœ‰ç”¨è™•ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 以 çš„çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ç‚ºæº–，或者如果 ä¸æ˜¯ä¸€å€‹ shell 內建命令時 回傳 false。çµæŸ %dçµæŸä¸€å€‹ç™»å…¥ shell。 以狀態 N çµæŸä¸€å€‹ç™»å…¥ shell。如果ä¸åœ¨ç™»å…¥ shell 中執行，則 回傳一個錯誤。çµæŸ forã€while 或 until 迴圈 çµæŸä¸€å€‹ FORã€WHILE 或 UNTIL 迴圈。如果指定了 N，則跳出 N é‡ è¿´åœˆ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ç‚º 0 é™¤éž N ä¸å¤§æ–¼æˆ–等於 1。çµæŸ shell。 以狀態 N çµæŸ shell。 如果 N 被çœç•¥ï¼Œå‰‡çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ 為最後一個執行指令的çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ã€‚檔案é™åˆ¶æœŸæœ›æµ®é»žæ•¸åœ¨ FORMAT 的控制下格å¼åŒ–並å°å‡º ARGUMENTS。 é¸é …： -v var 將輸出指派給 shell 變數 VAR 而éžé¡¯ç¤ºåœ¨æ¨™æº–輸出上 FORMAT 是包å«ä¸‰ç¨®ç‰©ä»¶çš„字元：簡單複製到標準輸出的純字元； 變æ›å¾Œè¤‡è£½åˆ°æ¨™æº–輸入的跳脫字元；以åŠæ¯å€‹éƒ½æœƒå½±éŸ¿åˆ°ä¸‹å€‹å¼•æ•¸çš„æ ¼å¼åŒ–è¦æ ¼ã€‚ 除了 printf(1) 中æ述的標準格å¼åŒ–è¦æ ¼ï¼Œprintf 還會解æžï¼š %b å°æ‡‰å¼•æ•¸ä¸­çš„å斜線跳脫åºåˆ— %q 以å¯åšç‚º shell 輸入的格å¼å°å¼•æ•¸åŠ ä¸Šå¼•è™Ÿ %Q é¡žä¼¼ %q，但精度è¦æ±‚會在加引號之å‰ï¼Œå°æœªæ‹¬ä½çš„引數生效 %(fmt)T å°‡ FMT 用來當作 strftime(3) çš„æ ¼å¼ï¼Œè¼¸å‡ºæ—¥æœŸèˆ‡æ™‚間字串 å¿…è¦æ™‚會é‡ç”¨æ ¼å¼ä»¥æ¶ˆè€—掉所有引數。如果引數少於格å¼æ‰€éœ€ï¼Œå…¶ä»–çš„æ ¼å¼è¦ç¯„則會 視為 0 值或空字串（視情æ³è€Œå®šï¼‰å¥—用。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …或者發生寫入或指派錯誤。GNU bash，版本 %s (%s) GNU bash，版本 %s-(%s) GNU é•·é¸é …： GNU 軟體的常見使用說明： 將指令組åˆç‚ºä¸€å€‹å–®å…ƒã€‚ 執行群組中的指令集åˆã€‚這是å°æ•´å€‹æŒ‡ä»¤é›†åˆ åšé‡å®šå‘的方法之一。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳最後一個執行指令的狀態。HFT 待輸入資料已授予 HFT 監視模å¼å·²å¾©åŽŸ HFT 監視模å¼å·²å®Œæˆ HFT è²éŸ³åºåˆ—未設定 HOME掛斷我沒有åå­—ï¼I/O 就緒通知：無效指令資訊請求中止強制çµæŸæŽˆæ¬Šæ¢æ¬¾ GPLv3+: GNU GPL 授權æ¢æ¬¾ç¬¬ä¸‰ç‰ˆæˆ–者更新版本 標記 shell 變數為ä¸å¯è®Šæ›´ã€‚ 標記æ¯ä¸€å€‹ <å稱> 為唯讀；這些 <å稱> 變數的值將ä¸å¯ä»¥è¢«å¾ŒçºŒçš„指派 æ“作所變更。如果æ供了 VALUE，則在標記為唯讀之å‰å°‡ VALUE 值指派給變數。 é¸é …： -a 指索引陣列變數 -A 指關è¯é™£åˆ—變數 -f 指 shell 函數 -p 顯示唯讀變數或函數列表，å–決於是å¦æ供了 -f é¸é … 「--ã€çš„åƒæ•¸åœç”¨é€²ä¸€æ­¥çš„é¸é …處ç†ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …或者 <å稱>。修改或顯示自動完æˆé¸é …。 修改æ¯å€‹ <å稱> 的自動完æˆé¸é …，或如果沒有æä¾› <å稱>，執行目å‰çš„自動完æˆã€‚ 如果ä¸å¸¶é¸é …，å°å‡ºæ¯å€‹ <å稱> 的自動完æˆé¸é …或目å‰çš„自動完æˆè¦æ ¼ã€‚ é¸é …： -o option 為æ¯å€‹ <å稱> 設定自動完æˆé¸é … option -D 為「defaultã€æŒ‡ä»¤è‡ªå‹•å®Œæˆè®Šæ›´é¸é … -E 為「emptyã€æŒ‡ä»¤è‡ªå‹•å®Œæˆè®Šæ›´é¸é … -I 為首單詞上的自動完æˆè®Šæ›´é¸é … 使用「+oã€è€Œä¸æ˜¯ã€Œ-oã€å¯ä»¥é—œé–‰æŒ‡å®šçš„é¸é …。 åƒæ•¸ï¼š æ¯å€‹ <å稱> 都å°æ‡‰ä¸€å€‹ä¹‹å‰ä»¥è—‰ç”±ã€Œcompleteã€å…§å»ºå®šç¾©äº†è‡ªå‹•å®Œæˆè¦æ ¼çš„ 指令。如果ä¸æä¾› <å稱>，目å‰ç”¢ç”Ÿè‡ªå‹•å®Œæˆçš„å‡½æ•¸å¿…é ˆå‘¼å« compopt， 並且目å‰åŸ·è¡Œçš„自動完æˆç”¢ç”Ÿå™¨é¸é …會被修改。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …或者 <å稱> 沒有定義自動完æˆè¦æ ¼ã€‚修改 shell 資æºé™åˆ¶ã€‚ 在å…許此類控制的系統上，æä¾›å° shell åŠå…¶å»ºç«‹çš„行程， å¯ç”¨è³‡æºçš„控制。 é¸é …： -S 使用彈性（「softã€ï¼‰è³‡æºé™åˆ¶ -H 使用固定（「hardã€ï¼‰è³‡æºé™åˆ¶ -a 回報目å‰çš„所有é™åˆ¶ -b 通訊端快å–å¤§å° -c å»ºç«‹ä¹‹æ ¸å¿ƒæª”æ¡ˆçš„æœ€å¤§å¤§å° -d 一個行程資料å€çš„æœ€å¤§å¤§å° -e 最高的排程優先順åºï¼ˆã€Œniceã€ï¼‰ -f shell åŠå…¶å­è¡Œç¨‹å¯å¯«å…¥çš„æœ€å¤§æª”æ¡ˆå¤§å° -i 最多å¯ä»¥æš«åœçš„信號數 -k 為本行程分é…之最大 kqueues æ•¸é‡ -l 一個行程å¯èƒ½éŽ–定的最大記憶體尺寸 -m 最大的常é§è¨˜æ†¶é«”å¤§å° -n 最多å¯é–‹å•Ÿä¹‹æª”案æ述元個數 -p 管é“ç·©è¡å€å¤§å° -q POSIX 訊æ¯ä½‡åˆ—的最大ä½å…ƒçµ„數 -r å³æ™‚æŽ’ç¨‹çš„æœ€å¤§å„ªå…ˆé †åº -s 最大堆疊尺寸 -t 最多å¯ç”¨çš„ CPU æ™‚é–“ï¼Œä»¥ç§’ç‚ºå–®ä½ -u 最大使用者行程數 -v 虛擬記憶體尺寸 -x æœ€å¤§çš„æª”æ¡ˆéŽ–æ•¸é‡ -P 最大å¯é–‹å•Ÿçš„å½çµ‚ç«¯æ•¸é‡ -R 一個å³æ™‚執行緒在堵塞å‰å¯åŸ·è¡Œçš„最長時間 -T æœ€å¤§åŸ·è¡Œç·’æ•¸é‡ ä¸¦éžæ‰€æœ‰é¸é …在所有系統上å¯ç”¨ã€‚ 如果有指定 LIMIT，則這個變數是指定資æºçš„新數值；特殊 LIMIT 數值 「softã€ã€ã€Œhardã€å’Œã€Œunlimitedã€ï¼Œåˆ†åˆ¥è¡¨ç¤ºç›®å‰çš„彈性é™åˆ¶ã€å›ºå®šé™åˆ¶å’Œ ç„¡é™åˆ¶ã€‚若未指定，則輸出指定資æºçš„ç›®å‰é™åˆ¶å€¼ï¼Œä¸å‚³å…¥é¸é …則å‡å®šç‚º -f å–值都是 1024 ä½å…ƒçµ„為單ä½ï¼Œé™¤äº† -t 以秒為單ä½ã€-p 以 512 ä½å…ƒçµ„éžå¢žã€ -u 為無單ä½çš„行程數é‡ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …或者錯誤發生。將工作移至å‰è‡ºã€‚ 將以 JOB_SPEC 識別的工作放至å‰è‡ºï¼Œä½¿å…¶æˆç‚º ç›®å‰å·¥ä½œã€‚如果 JOB_SPEC ä¸å­˜åœ¨ï¼Œshell 觀念中的目å‰å·¥ä½œ 將被使用。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 放至å‰è‡ºçš„指令狀態，或者當錯誤發生時為失敗。移動工作至後臺。 å°‡ JOB_SPEC 識別的工作放至後臺，就åƒå®ƒå€‘ 是帶「&ã€å•Ÿå‹•çš„一樣。如果 JOB_SPEC ä¸å­˜åœ¨ï¼Œshell 觀念中的 ç›®å‰å·¥ä½œå°‡æœƒè¢«ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸé™¤éžå·¥ä½œç®¡ç†æ²’有啟用或者錯誤發生。空的指令。 沒有效果；此指令ä¸åšä»»ä½•æ“作。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 一律æˆåŠŸã€‚未設定 OLDPWD解æžé¸é …åƒæ•¸ã€‚ Getopts 被 shell éŽç¨‹ç”¨ä¾†å°‡å¯å®šä½çš„åƒæ•¸è§£æžç‚ºé¸é …。 <é¸é …字串> 字串包å«å¾…識別的é¸é …å­—æ¯ã€‚如果一個字æ¯å¾Œé¢è·Ÿ 著分號，則該é¸é …需è¦ä¸€å€‹åƒæ•¸ï¼Œé€™å€‹åƒæ•¸æ‡‰åˆ©ç”¨ç©ºæ ¼èˆ‡é¸é …分開。 æ¯æ¬¡å‘¼å«æ™‚，getopts 會將下一個é¸é …放到 shell 變數 $name 中，如果 name 變數ä¸å­˜åœ¨å‰‡å…ˆå°‡å…¶åˆå§‹åŒ–，而下一個待處 ç†çš„åƒæ•¸åºè™Ÿæ”¾å…¥ shell 變數 OPTIND 中。OPTIND è®Šæ•¸åœ¨æ¯ æ¬¡ shell 或者 shell 指令稿啟動時都被åˆå§‹åŒ–為 1。當一個é¸é …è¦ æ±‚æœ‰ä¸€å€‹åƒæ•¸æ™‚，getopts å°‡åƒæ•¸æ”¾å…¥ shell 變數 OPTARG 中。 getopts 有兩種通報錯誤的方法。如果 <é¸é …字串> 變數的第 一個字元是冒號，getopts 進入éœé»˜éŒ¯èª¤å›žå ±æ¨¡å¼ã€‚åœ¨é€™ç¨®æ¨¡å¼ ä¸‹ï¼Œä¸æœƒè¼¸å‡ºéŒ¯èª¤è¨Šæ¯ã€‚若看到了無效é¸é …，getopts 將找到的 é¸é …字元放至 OPTARG 變數中。如果找ä¸åˆ°å¿…è¦å¼•æ•¸ï¼Œgetopts 會放一個「:ã€åˆ° <å稱> 變數，並將 OPTARG 設為找到的é¸é …å­—å…ƒ 。如果 getopts ä¸åœ¨éœé»˜æ¨¡å¼ä¸­ï¼Œä¸¦ä¸”é‡åˆ°äº†ä¸€å€‹ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …， getopts 會放置一個「?ã€åˆ° <å稱> 變數，並å–消設定 OPTARG。 如果找ä¸åˆ°å¿…è¦å¼•æ•¸ï¼Œå‰‡æœƒåœ¨ NAME 放置「?ã€ã€å–消設定 OPTARG， 並且會輸出診斷資訊。 如果 shell 變數 OPTERR 的值為 0，getopts åœæ­¢è¼¸å‡ºéŒ¯èª¤è¨Šæ¯ï¼Œ å³ä½¿ <é¸é …字串> 變數的第一個字元ä¸æ˜¯å†’號。OPTERR çš„é è¨­å€¼ç‚º 1。 Getopts 通常解æžå¯å®šä½çš„åƒæ•¸ï¼ˆ$0 - $9），ä¸éŽå¦‚æžœæ供了 更多的åƒæ•¸ï¼Œæœƒæ”¹è§£æžé€™äº›å¼•æ•¸ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 找到é¸é …則回傳æˆåŠŸï¼›å¦‚æžœé¸é …ææ—©çµæŸï¼Œæˆ–者有錯誤發生， 則回傳失敗。å°å‡ºç›®å‰å·¥ä½œç›®éŒ„çš„å字。 é¸é …： -L å°å‡º $PWD 變數的值，如果它包å«äº†ç›®å‰çš„工作目錄 -P å°å‡ºç›®å‰çš„實體路徑，ä¸å¸¶æœ‰ä»»ä½•çš„ç¬¦è™Ÿé€£çµ é è¨­æƒ…æ³ä¸‹ï¼Œã€Œpwdã€çš„行為和帶「-Lã€é¸é …一致 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 除éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆé¸é …或者目å‰ç›®éŒ„ä¸å¯è®€ï¼Œå¦å‰‡å›žå‚³ç‹€æ…‹ç‚º 0。çµæŸå¾žæ¨™æº–輸入讀å–一列，並將其分為ä¸åŒçš„å€åŸŸã€‚ 從標準輸入讀å–å–®ç¨çš„一列，或者如果使用了 -u é¸é …，從檔案æè¿°å…ƒ FD 中讀å–。 該列會分割æˆå€åŸŸï¼Œå¦‚åŒå­—詞分割一樣，並且第一個字詞被指派給第一個 NAME 變數，第二 個字詞被指派給第二個 NAME 變數，如此繼續，直到剩下所有的字詞被指派給最後一個 <å稱> 變數。åªæœ‰ $IFS 變數中的字元被èªåšæ˜¯å­—詞分隔符。é è¨­æƒ…æ³ä¸‹ï¼Œå斜線字元會跳脫分割字元和æ›è¡Œã€‚ 如果沒有æä¾› NAME 變數，則讀å–的列會存放在 REPLY 變數中。 é¸é …： -a array 將字詞指派給 ARRAY 陣列變數的åºåˆ—索引æˆå“¡ï¼Œå¾žé›¶é–‹å§‹ã€‚ -d delim æŒçºŒè®€å–直到讀入 DELIM 變數中的第一個字元，而ä¸æ˜¯æ›åˆ—符 -e 使用 Readline å–得列 -i text 使用 TEXT 文字åšç‚º Readline çš„åˆå§‹æ–‡å­— -n nchars è®€å– NCHARS 個字元之後回傳，而ä¸æ˜¯ç­‰åˆ°è®€å–æ›åˆ—符。 但如果é‡åˆ°åˆ†éš”符之å‰è®€å–了ä¸è¶³ NCHARS 個字元，分隔符ä»ç„¶æœ‰æ•ˆã€‚ -N nchars 在準確讀å–了 NCHARS 個字元之後回傳，除éžé‡åˆ°æª”案çµæŸç¬¦æˆ–者讀å–逾時， 任何的分隔符都被忽略 -p prompt 在嘗試讀å–之å‰è¼¸å‡º PROMPT æ示符並且ä¸å¸¶ æ›åˆ—符 -r ä¸å…許å斜線逸出任何字元 -s ä¸é¡¯ç¤ºçµ‚端的任何輸入 -t timeout 如果在 TIMEOUT 秒內沒有讀å–一個完整的列則逾時並且回傳失敗。 TMOUT 變數的值是é è¨­é€¾æ™‚時間。 TIMEOUT å¯ä»¥æ˜¯å°æ•¸ã€‚如果 TIMEOUT 是 0，則立å³å›žå‚³è€Œä¸å˜—試 讀å–任何資料，如果指定的檔案æ述符有輸入，則回傳æˆåŠŸ 如果超éŽäº†é€¾æ™‚時間，則回傳狀態碼大於 128 -u fd 從檔案æ述符 FD 中讀å–，而ä¸æ˜¯æ¨™æº–輸入 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳碼為 0，除éžé‡åˆ°äº†æª”案çµæŸç¬¦ã€è®€å–逾時，或將無效的檔案 æ述符，作為åƒæ•¸å‚³å‘ -u é¸é …。從一個檔案中讀å–列到陣列變數中 一個「mapfileã€çš„åŒç¾©è©žã€‚從標準輸入讀å–列到索引陣列變數中。 從標準輸入讀å–列到索引陣列變數 ARRAY 中，或者如果使用了 -u é¸é …， 從檔案æ述符 FD 中讀å–。MAPFILE 變數是é è¨­çš„ ARRAY 變數。 é¸é …： -d delim 使用 DELIM å–代æ›è¡Œç¬¦è™Ÿä¾†æ–·è¡Œ -n count 最多複製 COUNT 列，如果 COUNT 為 0，則複製所有列。 -O origin 從索引 ORIGIN 開始 指派給 ARRAY 變數。é è¨­ç´¢å¼•æ˜¯ 0。 -s count 丟棄最先讀å–çš„ COUNT 列。 -t 從讀å–çš„æ¯åˆ—末尾刪除一個æ›åˆ—符。 -u fd 從檔案æ述符 FD 中讀å–列而ä¸æ˜¯æ¨™æº–輸入。 -C callback æ¯ QUANTUM æ¬¡è®€åˆ—ä¹‹å¾Œå° CALLBACK 回呼求值。 -c quantum 定義æ¯æ¬¡å‘¼å« CALLBACK 回呼之間讀å–的列數。 åƒæ•¸ï¼š ARRAY 儲存資料使用的陣列變數 如果使用了 -C 而沒有 -c，é è¨­çš„定é‡æ˜¯ 5000ã€‚ç•¶å° CALLBACK 求值時， 下一個將被指派的陣列元素索引åšç‚ºé¡å¤–åƒæ•¸è¢«å‚³éžã€‚ 如果沒有顯å¼æŒ‡å®šèµ·å§‹ç´¢å¼•ï¼Œmapfile 將在指派å‰æ¸…空 ARRAY 變數。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …，或者 ARRAY 變數唯讀或ä¸æ˜¯ç´¢å¼•é™£åˆ—。記錄鎖記ä½æˆ–顯示程å¼ä½ç½®ã€‚ 確定並記ä½æ¯ä¸€å€‹æŒ‡å®š <å稱> 指令的完整路徑。 如果ä¸æä¾›åƒæ•¸ï¼Œå‰‡é¡¯ç¤ºå·²ç¶“記ä½æŒ‡ä»¤çš„資訊。 é¸é …： -d 忘記æ¯ä¸€å€‹å·²ç¶“記ä½çš„ <å稱> çš„ä½ç½® -l 以å¯åšç‚ºè¼¸å…¥é‡ç”¨çš„æ ¼å¼é¡¯ç¤º -p pathname 使用 pathname 路徑åšç‚º <å稱> 指令的全路徑 -r 忘記所有記ä½çš„ä½ç½® -t å°å‡ºè¨˜ä½çš„æ¯ä¸€å€‹ <å稱> çš„ä½ç½®ï¼Œå¦‚果指定了多個 <å稱>，則æ¯å€‹ä½ç½®å‰é¢æœƒåŠ ä¸Šç›¸æ‡‰çš„ <å稱> åƒæ•¸ï¼š <å稱> æ¯å€‹ <å稱> 會在 $PATH 路徑變數中被æœå°‹ï¼Œä¸¦ä¸”新增到記ä½çš„指令 列表中。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éž <å稱> 指令沒有找到或者使用了無效的é¸é …。從堆疊中刪除目錄。 從目錄堆疊中刪除æ¢ç›®ã€‚ä¸å¸¶åƒæ•¸æ™‚，刪除堆疊頂端目錄，並變更至新的堆疊 頂端目錄。 é¸é …： -n 抑制從堆疊中刪除目錄時通常的目錄變æ›æ“作，從而僅å°å †ç–Š 進行æ“作。 åƒæ•¸ï¼š +N 刪除第 N 個目錄 (「dirsã€é¡¯ç¤ºçš„目錄列表中左起，從零開始)。 例如：「popd +0ã€åˆªé™¤ç¬¬ä¸€å€‹ç›®éŒ„，「popd +1ã€åˆªé™¤ç¬¬äºŒå€‹ã€‚ -N 刪除第 N 個目錄 (「dirsã€é¡¯ç¤ºçš„目錄列表中å³èµ·ï¼Œå¾žé›¶é–‹å§‹)。 例如：「popd -0ã€åˆªé™¤æœ€å¾Œä¸€å€‹ç›®éŒ„，，「popd -1ã€åˆªé™¤å€’數第二個。 「dirsã€å…§å»ºé¡¯ç¤ºç›®éŒ„堆疊。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„åƒæ•¸æˆ–者目錄變æ›å¤±æ•—。從別å定義列表中刪除æ¯ä¸€å€‹ <å稱>。 é¸é …： -a 刪除所有的別å定義 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éž <å稱> ä¸æ˜¯ä¸€å€‹å·²å­˜åœ¨çš„別åã€‚å¾žç›®å‰ shell 中刪除工作。 從活動工作表中刪除æ¯ä¸€å€‹ JOBSPEC åƒæ•¸ã€‚ä¸å¸¶ä»»ä½• JOBSPEC åƒæ•¸æ™‚，shell 使用觀念中的目å‰å·¥ä½œã€‚ é¸é …： -a 如果ä¸æä¾› JOBSPEC åƒæ•¸ï¼Œå‰‡åˆªé™¤æ‰€æœ‰å·¥ä½œ -h 識別æ¯å€‹ JOBSPEC 工作，從而當 shell 接收到 SIGHUP 訊號時ä¸å‚³é€ SIGHUP 給指定工作 -r 僅刪除執行中的工作 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …或者 JOBSPEC è¦æ ¼ã€‚從目錄堆疊中刪除æ¢ç›®ã€‚ä¸å¸¶åƒæ•¸æ™‚，刪除 堆疊頂端目錄並變更至新的堆疊頂端目錄。 é¸é …： -n 抑制從堆疊中刪除目錄時通常變更目錄æ“作， 從而åªæœ‰å †ç–Šè¢«æ“作。 åƒæ•¸ï¼š +N 從「dirsã€è¼¸å‡ºçš„列表中， 刪除左起第 N 個æ¢ç›®ï¼Œè¨ˆæ•¸å¾ž 0 開始。例如：「popd +0〠刪除第一個目錄，「popd +1ã€åˆªé™¤ç¬¬äºŒå€‹ã€‚ -N 從「dirsã€è¼¸å‡ºçš„列表中， 刪除å³èµ·ç¬¬ N 個æ¢ç›®ï¼Œè¨ˆæ•¸å¾ž 0 開始，例如：「popd -0〠刪除最後一個æ¢ç›®ï¼Œã€Œpopd -1ã€åˆªé™¤å€’數第二個。 「dirsã€å…§å»ºè®Šæ•¸é¡¯ç¤ºç›®éŒ„堆疊。使用指定指令å–代 shell。 執行 COMMAND 指令，以指定的程å¼å–代這個 shell。 ARGUMENTS åƒæ•¸æˆç‚º COMMAND 指令的åƒæ•¸ã€‚如果 沒有指定 COMMAND 指令，則任何的é‡å®šå‘åœ¨ç›®å‰ shell 中生效。 é¸é …： -a å稱 åšç‚ºç¬¬ 0 個åƒæ•¸å‚³éžçµ¦ COMMAND 指令 -c 在空環境中執行 COMMAND 指令 -l 在 COMMAND 指令的第 0 個åƒæ•¸ä¸­åŠ ä¸€å€‹çŸ­ç·š 如果指令ä¸èƒ½è¢«åŸ·è¡Œï¼Œå‰‡çµæŸä¸€å€‹éžäº’å‹•å¼çš„ shellï¼Œé™¤éž shell é¸é …「execfailã€å·²ç¶“設定。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸé™¤éž COMMAND 指令沒有找到或者出ç¾ä¸€å€‹é‡å®šå‘錯誤。通報管é“執行的消耗時間。 執行 PIPELINE 並且å°å‡º PIPELINE 終止時實際時間ã€ä½¿ç”¨è€… CPU 時間和系統 CPU 時間的總çµã€‚ é¸é …： -p 用å¯ç§»æ¤çš„ POSIX æ ¼å¼å°å‡ºç”¨æ™‚總çµã€‚ TIMEFORMAT 變數的值被åšç‚ºè¼¸å‡ºæ ¼å¼ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š å›žå‚³ç‹€æ…‹å³ PIPELINE 的回傳狀態。繼續 forã€while 或 until 迴圈。 ç¹¼çºŒç›®å‰ FORã€WHILE 或 UNTIL 迴圈的下一步。 如果指定了 N， 則繼續目å‰çš„第 N é‡è¿´åœˆã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ç‚º 0 é™¤éž N ä¸å¤§æ–¼æˆ–等於 1。在å‰è‡ºç¹¼çºŒå·¥ä½œ å°æ–¼ JOB_SPEC åƒæ•¸ä¾†èªªå’Œã€Œfgã€æŒ‡ä»¤ç­‰åŒã€‚繼續一個 åœæ­¢çš„或者後臺工作。JOB_SPEC å¯ä»¥æŒ‡å®šä¸€å€‹å·¥ä½œ å字或工作號。在 JOB_SPEC 後加上一個「&ã€å°‡æœƒæŠŠ 工作放至後臺，就åƒå·¥ä½œè¦æ ¼è¢«åšç‚ºã€Œbgã€æŒ‡ä»¤çš„åƒæ•¸ 執行一樣。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳被繼續的工作狀態。回傳一個æˆåŠŸçµæžœã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 一律æˆåŠŸã€‚回傳一個ä¸æˆåŠŸçš„çµæžœã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 一律失敗。從一個 shell 函數回傳。 使一個函數或者被引用的指令稿以指定的回傳值 N çµæŸã€‚ 如果 N 被çœç•¥ï¼Œå‰‡å›žå‚³ç‹€æ…‹å°±æ˜¯ 函數或指令稿中的最後一個執行指令的狀態。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳 N，或者如果 shell ä¸åœ¨åŸ·è¡Œä¸€å€‹å‡½æ•¸æˆ–引用指令稿時，失敗。回傳目å‰å­å‘¼å«çš„語境。 ä¸å¸¶æœ‰ EXPR 時，回傳「$line $filenameã€ã€‚帶有 EXPR 時，回傳 「$line $subroutine $filenameã€ï¼›é€™å€‹é¡å¤–的資訊å¯ä»¥è¢«ç”¨æ–¼æä¾› 堆疊追蹤。 EXPR 的值顯示了到目å‰å‘¼å«æ¡†æ ¼éœ€è¦å›žåŽ»å¤šå°‘個呼å«æ¡†æ ¼ï¼›é ‚部框格 是第 0 框格。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š é™¤éž shell ä¸åœ¨åŸ·è¡Œä¸€å€‹ shell 函數或者 EXPR 無效，å¦å‰‡å›žå‚³çµ 果為 0。回傳目å‰å­å‘¼å«çš„語境。 ä¸å¸¶æœ‰ EXPR 時，回傳「$line $filenameã€ã€‚帶有 EXPR 時，回傳 「$line $subroutine $filenameã€ï¼›æ供堆疊追蹤時å¯ä»¥ç”¨åˆ°é€™å€‹ 延伸資訊。 EXPR 的值顯示了到目å‰å‘¼å«æ¡†æ ¼éœ€è¦å›žåŽ»å¤šå°‘個呼å«æ¡†æ ¼ï¼›é ‚部框格 是第 0 框格。執行中程å¼è¨˜æ†¶é«”å€æ®µéŒ¯èª¤å¾žåˆ—表中é¸å–詞並且執行指令。 WORDS 變數被展開，產生一個字詞的列表。展開的字詞集åˆè¢«å°å‡º 在標準錯誤輸出è£ç½®ä¸Šï¼Œæ¯å€‹ä»¥ä¸€å€‹æ•¸å­—åšå­—首。如果沒有「in WORDS〠則å‡å®šä½¿ç”¨ã€Œin "$@"ã€ã€‚PS3 æ示符會被顯示並且從標準輸入讀入一列 如果該列由被顯示字詞å°æ‡‰çš„數字組æˆï¼Œå‰‡ <å稱> 變數被設定為相應 的字詞。如果列為空，則 WORDS 變數和æ示符被é‡æ–°é¡¯ç¤ºã€‚如果讀å–了 檔案çµæŸç¬¦ï¼Œå‰‡æŒ‡ä»¤å®Œæˆã€‚讀入任何其他的值會導致 <å稱> 變數被設定 為空。讀入的列被存放在變數 REPLY 中。<指令> 在æ¯æ¬¡é¸æ“‡ 之後執行直到執行一個 break 指令。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳最後一個執行指令的狀態。å‘一個工作傳é€ä¸€å€‹è¨Šè™Ÿã€‚ å‘以 PID 行程識別碼或者 JOBSPEC 工作è¦æ ¼æŒ‡å®šçš„行程傳é€ä¸€å€‹ä»¥ SIGSPEC 訊號è¦æ ¼æˆ– SIGNUM 訊號編號命å的訊號。如果沒有指定 SIGSPEC 或 SIGNUM，那麼å‡å®šå‚³é€ SIGTERM 訊號。 é¸é …： -s sig SIG 是訊號å稱 -n sig SIG 是訊號編號 -l 列出訊號å稱；如果åƒæ•¸å¾Œè·Ÿã€Œ-lã€å‰‡è¢«å‡è¨­ç‚ºè¨Šè™Ÿç·¨è™Ÿï¼Œ 而相應的訊號å稱會被列出 Kill æˆç‚º shell 內建命令有兩個ç†ç”±ï¼šå®ƒå…許使用工作編號而ä¸æ˜¯è¡Œç¨‹è­˜åˆ¥ç¢¼ï¼Œ 並且在å¯ä»¥å»ºç«‹çš„行程數上é™é”到時å…許行程被ç é™¤ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …或者有錯誤發生。設定 Readline 按éµç¶å®šå’Œè®Šæ•¸ã€‚ ç¶å®šä¸€å€‹æŒ‰éµåºåˆ—到一個 Readline 函數或者巨集，或者設定一個 Readline 變數。éžé¸é …åƒæ•¸çš„語法和 ~/.inputrc 檔案中的等 åŒï¼Œä½†æ˜¯å¿…é ˆåšç‚ºä¸€å€‹åƒæ•¸è¢«å‚³éžï¼Œ 例如，bind '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'。 é¸é …： -m 按éµæ˜ å°„ 在此指令執行éŽç¨‹ä¸­ä½¿ç”¨æŒ‡å®šçš„按éµæ˜ å°„。 å¯è¢«æŽ¥å—的按éµæ˜ å°„å字有 emacsã€emacs-standardã€emacs-meta〠emacs-ctlxã€viã€vi-moveã€vi-commandã€å’Œ vi-insert。 -l 列出函數å稱。 -P 列出函數å稱和ç¶å®šã€‚ -p 以å¯ä»¥é‡æ–°ç”¨ä½œè¼¸å…¥çš„æ ¼å¼åˆ—出函數å稱和ç¶å®šã€‚ -S 列出å¯ä»¥å•Ÿå‹•å·¨é›†çš„按éµåºåˆ—以åŠå®ƒå€‘的值 -s 以å¯ä»¥é‡æ–°ç”¨ä½œè¼¸å…¥çš„æ ¼å¼åˆ—出å¯ä»¥å•Ÿå‹•å·¨é›†çš„éµä»¥åŠå®ƒå€‘的值。 -V 列出變數å稱和它們的值 -v 以å¯ä»¥é‡æ–°ç”¨ä½œè¼¸å…¥çš„æ ¼å¼åˆ—出變數的å稱和它們的值 -q 函數å 查詢指定的函數å¯ä»¥ç”±å“ªäº›éµå•Ÿå‹•ã€‚ -u 函數å åç¶å®šæ‰€æœ‰ç¶å®šè‡³æŒ‡å®šå‡½æ•¸çš„éµã€‚ -r 按éµåºåˆ— å–消指定按éµåºåˆ—çš„ç¶å®šã€‚ -f 檔å 從指定檔案中讀å–按éµç¶å®šã€‚ -x 按éµåºåˆ—:shell 指令 當指定的按éµåºåˆ—被輸入時，執行指定的 shell 指令。 -X 以å¯è¢«é‡ç”¨çš„å½¢å¼åˆ—出用 -x ç¶å®šçš„按éµåºåˆ—和指令。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 除éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ³•è­˜åˆ¥çš„é¸é …或者錯誤發生，å¦å‰‡å›žå‚³ 0。設定和å–消設定 shell é¸é …。 變更æ¯å€‹ shell <é¸é …å稱> 的設定。ä¸å¸¶é¸é …åƒæ•¸æ™‚， 顯示æ¯å€‹æ供的 <é¸é …å稱> 或所有 shell é¸é … (如果沒有 傳入任何 <é¸é …å稱>) 和是å¦æ¯å€‹éƒ½æœ‰è¨­å®šåˆ°çš„指示。 é¸é …： -o é™åˆ¶ <é¸é …å稱> 為定義用於「set -oã€çš„é¸é … -p å°å‡ºæ¯å€‹ shell é¸é …並標註它的狀態。 -q 抑制輸出 -s 啟用(設定)æ¯å€‹ <é¸é …å稱> é¸é … -u åœç”¨(å–消設定)æ¯å€‹ <é¸é …å稱> é¸é … çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 如果 <é¸é …å稱> é¸é …被啟用則回傳æˆåŠŸï¼›å¦‚果是 無效的é¸é …或 <é¸é …å稱> 被åœç”¨å‰‡å¤±æ•—。為 shell 變數設定匯出屬性。 標記æ¯å€‹ <å稱> 為自動匯出到後續指令執行的環境。如果æ供了 VALUE 則匯出å‰å°‡ VALUE åšç‚ºæŒ‡æ´¾ã€‚ é¸é …： -f 指 shell 函數 -n 刪除æ¯å€‹ <å稱> 的匯出屬性 -p 顯示所有匯出的變數和函數的列表 「--ã€çš„åƒæ•¸åœç”¨é€²ä¸€æ­¥çš„é¸é …處ç†ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …或者 <å稱>。設定或å–消設定 shell é¸é …å’Œä½ç½®åƒæ•¸çš„值。 變更 shell é¸é …å’Œä½ç½®åƒæ•¸çš„值，或者顯示 shell 變數的 å稱和值。 é¸é …： -a 標記修改或者建立的變數為匯出。 -b ç«‹å³é€šå‘Šå·¥ä½œçµ‚止。 -e 如果一個指令以éžé›¶ç‹€æ…‹çµæŸï¼Œå‰‡ç«‹å³çµæŸã€‚ -f åœç”¨æª”å產生(模å¼ç¬¦åˆ)。 -h 當查詢指令時記ä½å®ƒå€‘çš„ä½ç½® -k 所有的指派åƒæ•¸è¢«æ”¾åœ¨æŒ‡ä»¤çš„環境中，而ä¸åƒ…僅是 指令å稱之å‰çš„åƒæ•¸ã€‚ -m 啟用工作控制。 -n 讀å–指令但ä¸åŸ·è¡Œ -o é¸é …å 設定與é¸é …åå°æ‡‰çš„變數： allexport 與 -a ç›¸åŒ braceexpand 與 -B ç›¸åŒ emacs 使用 emacs é¢¨æ ¼çš„åˆ—ç·¨è¼¯ä»‹é¢ errexit 與 -e ç›¸åŒ errtrace 與 -E ç›¸åŒ functrace 與 -T ç›¸åŒ hashall 與 -h ç›¸åŒ histexpand 與 -H ç›¸åŒ history 啟用指令歷å²è¨˜éŒ„ ignoreeof shell 讀å–檔案çµæŸç¬¦æ™‚ä¸æœƒçµæŸ interactive-comments å…許在互動å¼æŒ‡ä»¤ä¸­é¡¯ç¤ºè¨»é‡‹ keyword 與 -k ç›¸åŒ monitor 與 -m ç›¸åŒ noclobber 與 -C ç›¸åŒ noexec 與 -n ç›¸åŒ noglob 與 -f ç›¸åŒ nolog ç›®å‰å¯æŽ¥å—但是被忽略 notify 與 -b ç›¸åŒ nounset 與 -u ç›¸åŒ onecmd 與 -t ç›¸åŒ physical 與 -P ç›¸åŒ pipefail 管é“的回傳值是最後一個éžé›¶å›žå‚³å€¼æŒ‡ä»¤çš„回傳çµæžœï¼Œ 或者當所有指令都回傳零時也為零。 posix 變更é è¨­æ™‚å’Œ Posix 標準ä¸åŒçš„ bash 行為 以符åˆæ¨™æº– privileged 與 -p ç›¸åŒ verbose 與 -v ç›¸åŒ vi 使用 vi é¢¨æ ¼çš„åˆ—ç·¨è¼¯ä»‹é¢ xtrace 與 -x ç›¸åŒ -p 無論何時當真實的有效使用者身分ä¸ç¬¦åˆæ™‚開啟。 åœç”¨å° $ENV 檔案的處ç†ä»¥åŠåŒ¯å…¥ shell 函數。 關閉此é¸é …會導致有效的使用者編號和群組編號設定 為真實的使用者編號和群組編號 -t 讀å–並執行一個指令之後çµæŸã€‚ -u å–代時將為設定的變數當åšéŒ¯èª¤å°å¾…。 -v è®€å– shell 輸入列時將它們å°å‡ºã€‚ -x 執行指令時å°å‡ºå®ƒå€‘以åŠåƒæ•¸ã€‚ -B shell 將執行大括號擴充套件。 -C 設定之後ç¦æ­¢ä»¥é‡å®šå‘輸出的方å¼è¦†è“‹å¸¸ è¦æª”案。 -E 設定之後 ERR 陷阱會被 shell 函數繼承。 -H 啟用 ! 風格的歷å²è¨˜éŒ„å–代。當 shell 是互動å¼çš„ 時候這個識別ä½é è¨­é–‹å•Ÿã€‚ -P 設定之後類似 cd 的會變更目å‰ç›®éŒ„的指令嗎 追蹤符號連çµã€‚ -T 設定之後 DEBUG å’Œ RETURN 陷阱會被 shell 函數繼承。 - 任何剩餘的åƒæ•¸æœƒè¢«æŒ‡æ´¾çµ¦ä½ç½®åƒæ•¸ã€‚ -x å’Œ -v é¸é …已關閉。 使用 + 而ä¸æ˜¯ - 會使標誌ä½è¢«é—œé–‰ã€‚標誌ä½ä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥åœ¨ shell 被啟動時使用。目å‰çš„標誌ä½è¨­å®šå¯ä»¥åœ¨ $- 變 é‡ä¸­æ‰¾åˆ°ã€‚剩餘的 <åƒæ•¸> 是ä½ç½®åƒæ•¸ä¸¦ä¸”是按照 $1，$2，.。$n çš„é †åºè¢«æŒ‡æ´¾çš„。如果沒有指定 <åƒæ•¸> åƒæ•¸ï¼Œå‰‡å°å‡ºæ‰€æœ‰çš„ shell 變數。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„åƒæ•¸ã€‚設定變數的值和屬性。 功能相åŒæ–¼ã€Œdeclareã€ã€‚åƒè¦‹ã€Œhelp declareã€ã€‚設定變數值和屬性。 宣告變數並賦予其屬性。若未指定 <å稱>， 則顯示所有變數的屬性和數值。 é¸é …： -f é™åˆ¶å‹•ä½œæˆ–顯示為åªæœ‰å‡½æ•¸å稱和定義 -F é™åˆ¶åƒ…顯示函數å稱（åµéŒ¯æ™‚å¦åŒ…å«åˆ—號和原始檔å） -g 用於 shell 函數時建立全域變數 ; å¦å‰‡å¿½ç•¥ -I 如果建立的是本地變數，則繼承上個作用域中， åŒå變數的屬性åŠæ•¸å€¼ã€‚ -p 顯示æ¯å€‹ <å稱> 變數的屬性和值 設定屬性的é¸é …： -a 使 <å稱> æˆç‚ºç´¢å¼•é™£åˆ— (如果支æ´) -A 使 <å稱> æˆç‚ºé—œè¯é™£åˆ— (如果支æ´) -i 使 <å稱> 帶有「integerã€ï¼ˆæ•´æ•¸ï¼‰å±¬æ€§ -l å°‡æ¯å€‹ <å稱> 的值在指派時轉為å°å¯« -n 使 <å稱> æˆç‚ºæŒ‡å‘一個以其值為å稱的變數引用 -r å°‡ <å稱> 變為唯讀 -t 使 <å稱> 帶有「traceã€(追蹤)屬性 -u å°‡æ¯å€‹ <å稱> 的值在指派時轉為大寫 -x å°‡ <å稱> 匯出 用「+ã€ä»£æ›¿ã€Œ-ã€æœƒé—œé–‰æŒ‡å®šå±¬æ€§ã€‚ 帶有整數屬性的變數，會在指派時執行算術求值（見「letã€æŒ‡ä»¤ï¼‰ 在函數中使用時，「declareã€ä½¿ <å稱> æˆç‚ºæœ¬æ©Ÿè®Šæ•¸ï¼Œå’Œã€Œlocal〠指令一致。「-gã€é¸é …會壓制本行為 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆé¸é …，或者發生錯誤。Shell 指令，符åˆé—œéµå­— `Shell é¸é …： 移ä½ä½ç½®åƒæ•¸ã€‚ é‡æ–°å‘½åä½ç½®åƒæ•¸ $N+1ã€$N+2 … 到 $1ã€$2 … 如果沒有指定 N， 則å‡è¨­ç‚º 1。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éž N 為負或者大於 $#。訊號 %d指定 readline 如何完æˆè®€å–引數。 指定æ¯ä¸€å€‹ <å稱> 如何完æˆè®€å–åƒæ•¸ã€‚如果ä¸æŒ‡å®šé¸é …， ç¾æœ‰çš„自動完æˆè¦æ ¼æœƒä»¥å¯ä»¥é‡æ–°ä½œç‚ºè¼¸å…¥ä½¿ç”¨çš„æ ¼å¼è¼¸å‡ºã€‚ é¸é …： -p 以å¯é‡ç”¨çš„æ ¼å¼è¼¸å‡ºç¾æœ‰çš„自動完æˆè¦æ ¼ã€‚ -r 移除æ¯å€‹ <å稱> 的自動完æˆè¦æ ¼ã€‚若未指定 <å稱> 則移除所有自動完æˆè¦æ ¼ã€‚ -D å°æ–¼æ²’有自動完æˆè¦æ ¼å®šç¾©çš„命令，設定é è¨­çš„自動完æˆå‹•ä½œ -E å°æ–¼ã€Œemptyã€æŒ‡ä»¤â€”—嘗試å°ç©ºç™½åˆ—進行自動完æˆâ€”—套用自動完æˆå’Œå‹•ä½œã€‚ -I 套用自動完æˆå’Œå‹•ä½œåˆ°é¦–個（通常是命令）單字 發起自動完æˆå˜—試時，將ä¾ä¸Šè¿°å¤§å¯«å­—æ¯é¸é …çš„é †åºé€²è¡Œå‹•ä½œã€‚若傳入了多個é¸é …， -D é¸é …優先於 -E é¸é …，而兩者優先於 -I é¸é …。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …或者錯誤發生。åœæ­¢åœæ­¢ï¼ˆä¿¡è™Ÿï¼‰åœæ­¢ï¼ˆtty 輸入）åœæ­¢ï¼ˆtty 輸出）已åœæ­¢(%s)æš«åœ shell 執行。 æš«åœ shell 的執行直到收到 SIGCONT 訊號。 登入 shell ä¸å¯ä»¥è¢«æš«åœï¼Œé™¤éžå¼·åˆ¶åŸ·è¡Œã€‚ é¸é …： -f 強制暫åœï¼Œå³ä½¿æ˜¯ç™»å…¥ shell。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžæ²’有啟用工作控制或者有錯誤發生。時間格å¼:「%cã€: 無效的格å¼å­—元終止郵件在 %s 已閱讀 有執行中的工作。 有åœæ­¢çš„工作。 在法律許å¯çš„情æ³ä¸‹ç‰¹æ­¤æ˜Žç¤ºï¼Œæœ¬è»Ÿé«”ä¸æ供任何擔ä¿ã€‚這些 shell 指令是內部定義的。請輸入「helpã€ä»¥å–得一個列表。 輸入「help å稱ã€ä»¥å¾—到有關函數「å稱ã€çš„更多資訊。 使用「info bashã€ä¾†ç²å¾—關於 shell 的更多一般性資訊。 使用「man -kã€æˆ–「infoã€ä¾†å–å¾—ä¸åœ¨åˆ—表中指令的更多資訊。 å稱æ—邊的星號(*)表示該指令被åœç”¨ã€‚ 本軟體是自由軟體，您å¯ä»¥è‡ªç”±åœ°è®Šæ›´å’Œé‡æ–°ç™¼å¸ƒã€‚å°è¨Šè™Ÿå’Œå…¶ä»–事件設陷阱。 定義一個處ç†å™¨ï¼Œåœ¨ shell 接收到訊號和其他æ¢ä»¶ä¸‹åŸ·è¡Œã€‚ <åƒæ•¸> 是當 shell 接收到 SIGNAL_SPEC 訊號時讀å–和執行的指令。 如果沒有指定 <åƒæ•¸> (並且åªçµ¦å‡ºä¸€å€‹ SIGNAL_SPEC 訊號) 或者 <åƒæ•¸> 為 「-ã€ï¼Œæ¯ä¸€å€‹æŒ‡å®šçš„åƒæ•¸æœƒè¢«é‡è¨­ç‚ºåŽŸå§‹å€¼ã€‚如果 <åƒæ•¸> 是一個空串，則æ¯ä¸€å€‹ SIGNAL_SPEC 訊號會被 shell 和它啟動的指令忽略。 如果一個 SIGNAL_SPEC 訊號是 EXIT (0)，則 <åƒæ•¸> 指令會在 shell çµæŸæ™‚被 執行。如果一個 SIGNAL_SPEC 訊號是 DEBUG，則 <åƒæ•¸> 指令會在æ¯ä¸€å€‹ç°¡å–®å‘½ 令之å‰åŸ·è¡Œã€‚ 如果ä¸æä¾›åƒæ•¸ï¼Œtrap å°å‡ºåˆ—表顯示æ¯ä¸€å€‹èˆ‡æ¯ä¸€å€‹è¨Šè™Ÿç›¸é—œè¯çš„指令。 é¸é …： -l å°å‡ºä¸€å€‹è¨Šè™Ÿå稱和它們å°æ‡‰çš„編號列表 -p å°å‡ºèˆ‡æ¯å€‹ SIGNAL_SPEC 訊號相關è¯çš„陷阱指令 æ¯ä¸€å€‹ SIGNAL_SPEC 訊號å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ 中的訊號å稱或者訊號編號。 訊號å稱大å°å¯«ç›¸ç¬¦ä¸”å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨ SIG 字首。訊號å¯ç”¨ã€Œkill - 訊號 $$〠傳é€çµ¦ shell。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …或者 SIGSPEC。輸入「%s -c "help set"ã€æ›´å¤šé—œæ–¼ shell é¸é …的訊æ¯ã€‚ 輸入「%s -c helpã€æ›´å¤šé—œæ–¼å…§å»º shell 指令的訊æ¯ã€‚ ä¸æ˜Žè¨Šè™Ÿ #%d未知錯誤ä¸æ˜Žç‹€æ…‹å–消設定 shell 變數和函數的值和屬性。 å°æ¯ä¸€å€‹ <å稱>，刪除å°æ‡‰çš„變數或函數。 é¸é …： -f å°‡æ¯å€‹ <å稱> 視為函數 -v å°‡æ¯å€‹ <å稱> 視為變數 -n å°‡æ¯å€‹ <å稱> 視為å稱引用，åªå–消其本身而éžå…¶æŒ‡å‘的變數 ä¸å¸¶é¸é …時，unset 首先嘗試å–消設定一個變數，如果失敗，å†å˜—試å–消設定一個函數。 æŸäº›è®Šæ•¸ä¸å¯ä»¥è¢«å–消設定；åƒè¦‹ã€Œreadonlyã€ã€‚ çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸï¼Œé™¤éžä½¿ç”¨äº†ç„¡æ•ˆçš„é¸é …或者 NAME å稱為唯讀。緊急 I/O ç‹€æ³ç”¨æ³•ï¼š %s [GNU é•·é¸é …] [é¸é …] … %s [GNU é•·é¸é …] [é¸é …] 指令稿檔案 … 使用「%sã€çµæŸ shell。 使用「bashbugã€æŒ‡ä»¤é€šå ±ç¨‹å¼éŒ¯èª¤ã€‚ 使用者訊號 1使用者訊號 2等待工作完æˆä¸¦å›žå‚³çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ã€‚ 等待以 ID 編號識別的行程ï¼å…¶ä¸­ ID å¯ä»¥æ˜¯è¡Œç¨‹ç·¨è™Ÿæˆ–者工作è¦æ ¼â€” 並回報其終止狀態。若未指定 ID，則等待所有的目å‰æ´»èºå­è¡Œç¨‹ï¼Œ 並設定回傳狀態為 0。如果 ID 是工作è¦æ ¼ï¼Œå‰‡ç­‰å¾…工作管線中的 所有行程。 若指定了 -n é¸é …，則等待 ID 清單中的單一個工作；若未指定，則 等待下一個工作完æˆï¼Œä¸¦å›žå‚³å…¶çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ã€‚ 如果指定了 -p é¸é …，則會將é¸é …引數中命åçš„ VAR 變數，指定 為回傳çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ä¹‹å·¥ä½œçš„行程或工作識別å­ã€‚這個變數在指定å‰ï¼Œ 會先進行 unset。這個僅在指定 -n é¸é …時有幫助。 如果指定了 -f é¸é …且有啟用工作管ç†ï¼Œå‰‡ç­‰å¾…指定 ID 終止， 而éžç­‰å¾…其變更狀態。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳最後一個 ID 行程的狀態；如果 ID 或指定之é¸é …無效； 或有指定 -n，shell å»æ²’有è¦ä¸ç­‰å¾… (unwaited) çš„å­è¡Œç¨‹ï¼Œ 則回傳失敗。等待行程完æˆä¸¦ä¸”回傳çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ã€‚ 等待指定行程並通報它的終止狀態。如果沒有æä¾› PID，則目å‰æ‰€æœ‰çš„æ´»èº å­è¡Œç¨‹éƒ½æœƒè¢«ç­‰å¾…，並且回傳碼為零。PID 必須為行程識別碼。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳行程 ID 的狀態；如果 PID 是無效的行程識別碼或者指定了無效的é¸é …則失敗。已變更視窗寫入åƒæ•¸è‡³æ¨™æº–輸出è£ç½®ã€‚ 在標準輸出è£ç½®ä¸Šé¡¯ç¤º <åƒæ•¸> 和一個æ›åˆ—。 é¸é …： -n ä¸é™„加æ›åˆ— çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 除éžå¯«éŒ¯èª¤ç™¼ç”Ÿï¼Œå¦å‰‡å›žå‚³æˆåŠŸã€‚å°‡åƒæ•¸å¯«å…¥æ¨™æº–輸出。 在標準輸出上，顯示用空格分割的 ARG åƒæ•¸å¾Œè·Ÿä¸€å€‹æ›åˆ—。 é¸é …： -n ä¸è¦è¿½åŠ æ›åˆ— -e 啟用下列å斜線逸出的解釋 -E 顯å¼åœ°æŠ‘制å°æ–¼å斜線逸出的解釋 「echoã€å°ä¸‹åˆ—å斜線字元進行逸出： \a 警告(響鈴) \b 退格 \c 抑制更多的輸出 \e 逸出字元 \f æ›é å­—å…ƒ \n æ›åˆ— \r è¼¸å…¥éµ \t æ©«å‘製表符 \v 縱å‘製表符 \\ å斜線 \0nnn 以 NNN (八進ä½)為 ASCII 碼的字元。 NNN å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ 0 到 3 個八進ä½æ•¸å­— \xHH 以 HH (å六進ä½)為值的八進ä½å­—元。HH å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ä¸€å€‹æˆ–兩個å六進ä½æ•¸å­— \uHHHH 以åå…­é€²ä½ HHHH 為值的 Unicode 字元。 HHHH å¯ç‚ºä¸€å€‹åˆ°å››å€‹å六進ä½æ•¸å­—。 \UHHHHHHHH 以åå…­é€²ä½ HHHHHHHH 為值的 Unicode 字元。 HHHHHHHH å¯ç‚ºä¸€å€‹åˆ°å…«å€‹å六進ä½æ•¸å­—。 çµæŸç‹€æ…‹ï¼š 回傳æˆåŠŸé™¤éžæœ‰å¯«å…¥éŒ¯èª¤ç™¼ç”Ÿã€‚您有郵件在 $_您有新郵件在 $_[ åƒæ•¸â€¦ ][[ è¡¨ç¤ºå¼ ]]「%cã€ï¼šä¸ç•¶çš„指令「%cã€: 無效格å¼å­—元「%cã€: 無效的符號狀態字元「%cã€: 無效的符號狀態é‹ç®—å­ã€Œ%cã€: 無效的時間格å¼è¦æ ¼ã€Œ%sã€: 無法解除ç¶å®šã€Œ%sã€: 無法在命令按éµæ˜ å°„中解除ç¶å®šã€Œ%sã€: 無效的別å「%sã€: 無效的按éµæ˜ å°„å「%sã€ï¼šç„¡æ•ˆçš„引用變數å「%sã€: 特殊內建「%sã€: 缺少格å¼å­—元「%sã€ï¼šä¸æ˜¯ä¸€å€‹ pid 或有效的工作è¦æ ¼ã€Œ%sã€ï¼šä¸æ˜¯ä¸€å€‹æœ‰æ•ˆçš„識別符「%sã€ï¼šä¸æ˜Žå‡½æ•¸å稱需è¦ã€Œ)ã€éœ€è¦ã€Œ)ã€ï¼Œå¾—到 %sæ¢ä»¶è¡¨ç¤ºå¼éœ€è¦ã€Œ:ã€add_process: 行程識別碼 %5ld(%s) 標註為ä»æ´»è‘—alias [-p] [å稱[=值] … ]all_local_variables: ç›®å‰ä½œç”¨åŸŸä¸­æ²’有函數語境åƒæ•¸éœ€è¦åƒæ•¸éœ€è¦é™£åˆ—變數支æ´å˜—試指派給éžè®Šæ•¸é™£åˆ—下標ä¸æ­£ç¢ºä¸ç•¶çš„指令類型ä¸ç•¶çš„連接器錯誤的跳轉錯誤的å–代: 在 %s 中沒有閉åˆçš„「`ã€éŒ¯èª¤çš„å–代: 在 %2$s 中沒有閉åˆçš„「%1$sã€bash 官網： bash_execute_unix_command: 無法為指令找到按éµæ˜ å°„bg [工作è¦æ ¼ …]bgp_delete: LOOP: psi (%d) == storage[psi].bucket_nextbgp_search: LOOP: psi (%d) == storage[psi].bucket_nextbind [-lpvsPSVX] [-m 按éµæ˜ å°„] [-f 檔å] [-q å稱] [-u å稱] [-r 按éµåºåˆ—] [-x 按éµåºåˆ—:shell-指令] [按éµåºåˆ—:readline-函數 或 readline-指令]大括號展開：無法為 %s 分é…記憶體大括號展開：為 %u 個元素分é…記憶體失敗大括號展開：為「%sã€åˆ†é…記憶體失敗break [n]錯誤：ä¸ç•¶çš„表示å¼å­—組builtin [shell 內建命令 [åƒæ•¸ …]]caller [表示å¼]åªèƒ½å¾žå‡½æ•¸æˆ–者原始指令稿「returnã€åªèƒ½ç”¨åœ¨å‡½æ•¸ä¸­ç„¡æ³•ç‚ºä¾†è‡ª fd %d çš„ bash 輸入分é…新的檔案æ述符無法為立å³æª”案建立暫存檔案: %s無法複製檔案æ述符 %d 到檔案æ述符 %d無法將命åç®¡é“ %s åšç‚ºæª”案æ述符 %d 複製無法在共享物件 %2$s 中找到 %1$s: %3$s無法為指令å–代建立å­è¡Œç¨‹ç„¡æ³•ç‚ºè¡Œç¨‹å–代建立å­è¡Œç¨‹ç„¡æ³•ç‚ºæŒ‡ä»¤å–代建立管é“無法為行程å–代建立管é“無法開啟命åç®¡é“ %s 進 readline-無法開啟命åç®¡é“ %s 進行寫入無法開啟共享物件 %s: %s無法從 /dev/null é‡å®šå‘標準輸入: %s無法為檔案æ述符 %d é‡è¨­ç„¡å»¶é²æ¨¡å¼ç„¡æ³•åŒæ™‚設定和å–消設定 shell é¸é …無法設定 GID 至 %d：有效的 GID %d無法設定終端行程群組(%d)無法設定 UID 至 %d：有效的 UID %d無法åŒæ™‚å–消設定一個函數和一個變數無法開啟åµéŒ¯å™¨ï¼›åµéŒ¯æ¨¡å¼å·²åœç”¨ç„¡æ³•æš«åœç„¡æ³•æš«åœç™»å…¥ shell無法用「-fã€ç”¢ç”Ÿå‡½æ•¸æœ€å¤šèƒ½ä½¿ç”¨ -anrw é¸é …之一case è©ž in [æ¨¡å¼ [| 模å¼]…) 指令 ;;]… esaccd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [目錄]å­è¡Œç¨‹ setpgid (%ld 到 %ld)command [-pVv] 指令 [åƒæ•¸ …]指令å–代：在輸入中忽略了空ä½å…ƒçµ„command_substitute: 無法將管é“複製為檔案æ述符 1compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o é¸é …] [-A 動作] [-G 全域模å¼] [-W 詞語列表] [-F 函數] [-C 指令] [-X éŽæ¿¾æ¨¡å¼] [-P 字首] [-S å­—å°¾] [詞語]complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o é¸é …] [-A 動作] [-G 全域模å¼] [-W 詞語列表] [-F 函數] [-C 指令] [-X éŽæ¿¾æ¨¡å¼] [-P 字首] [-S å­—å°¾] [å稱 …]自動完æˆ: 未找到函數「%sã€compopt [-o|+o é¸é …] [-DEI] [å稱 …]需è¦äºŒå…ƒæ¢ä»¶é‹ç®—å­continue [n]coproc [å稱] 指令 [é‡å®šå‘]無法找到 /tmp，請建立cprintf:「%cã€: 無效的格å¼å­—元目å‰declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [name[=value] ...] 或 declare -p [-aAfFilnrtux] [name ...]刪除行程群組 %2$ld 中已åœæ­¢çš„工作 %1$ddescribe_pid: %ld: 無此行程識別碼目錄堆疊為空目錄堆疊索引dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N]disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...]除 0動態載入ä¸å¯ç”¨echo [-n] [åƒæ•¸ …]echo [-neE] [åƒæ•¸ …]空陣列變數åenable [-a] [-dnps] [-f 檔å] [å稱 …]å–得終端屬性時發生錯誤: %s錯誤，輸入的函數定義為「%sã€è¨­å®šçµ‚端屬性時發生錯誤: %seval [åƒæ•¸ …]eval：超出最大 eval 巢狀層數 (%d)exec [-cl] [-a å稱] [指令 [åƒæ•¸ …]] [é‡å®šå‘ …]execute_coproc：coproc [%d:%s] ä»ç„¶å­˜åœ¨exit [n]é æœŸã€Œ)ã€æŒ‡æ•¸å°æ–¼ 0export [-fn] [å稱[=值] …] 或 export -p需è¦è¡¨ç¤ºå¼è¡¨ç¤ºå¼éžè¿´å±¤æ¬¡è¶…出範åœfc [-e 編輯器å] [-lnr] [起始] [終止] 或 fc -s [模å¼=å–代串] [指令]fg [工作è¦æ ¼]檔案æ述符超出範åœéœ€è¦æª”ååƒæ•¸for (( 表示å¼1; 表示å¼2; 表示å¼3 )); do 指令 ; donefor å稱 [in å­—è©ž … ] ; do 指令 ; done產生的行程識別碼 %d 顯示為執行中的工作 %dæ ¼å¼è§£æžå•é¡Œ: %sfree: 用已經釋放的å€å¡Šåšç‚ºå‘¼å«åƒæ•¸free: 用未分é…çš„å€å¡Šåšç‚ºå‘¼å«åƒæ•¸free: 啟始和末尾å€å¡Šå¤§å°ä¸ä¸€è‡´free: åµæ¸¬åˆ°ä¸‹é™æº¢ä½ï¼›magic8 æ壞free: 檢測到下é™æº¢ä½ï¼›mh_nbytes 超出範åœfunction å稱 { 指令 ; } 或 name () { 指令 ; }未來版本的 shell 會強制以算術å–代求值getcwd: 無法存å–上層目錄getopts é¸é …字串 å稱 [åƒæ•¸ …]hash [-lr] [-p 路徑å] [-dt] [å稱 …]å·²åœç”¨é›œæ¹Šhelp [-dms] [æ¨¡å¼ â€¦]這個版本沒有å¯ç”¨çš„說明立å³æª”案在第 %d 列被檔案çµæŸç¬¦åˆ†éš” (需è¦ã€Œ%sã€)history [-c] [-d å移é‡] [n] 或 history -anrw [檔å] 或 history -ps åƒæ•¸ [åƒæ•¸â€¦]æ­·å²è¨˜éŒ„ä½ç½®æ­·å²è¨˜éŒ„è¦æ ¼å‘½ä¸­ 指令 é å¢žç¬¦æˆ–é æ¸›ç¬¦å¾Œæ‡‰è·Ÿæœ‰è­˜åˆ¥ç¬¦if 指令 ; then 指令 ; [ elif 指令 ; then 指令 ; ]… [ else 指令 ; ] fiinitialize_job_control: getpgrp 失敗initialize_job_control: 列è¦å¾‹initialize_job_control：背景中沒有工作控制initialize_job_control: setpgid無效的算術進ä½ç„¡æ•ˆçš„基底%2$s çš„ exportstr 中有無效的字元 %1$d無效的å六進ä½æ•¸å­—無效的整數常數無效數字無效的八進ä½æ•¸å­—無效訊號數字在ä¸å¸¶å·¥ä½œæŽ§åˆ¶çš„情æ³ä¸‹å•Ÿå‹•äº†å·¥ä½œ %djob_spec [&]jobs [-lnprs] [工作è¦æ ¼ …] 或 jobs -x 指令 [åƒæ•¸]kill [-s 訊號è¦æ ¼ | -n 訊號編號 | -訊號è¦æ ¼] 行程識別碼 | 工作è¦æ ¼ … 或 kill -l [訊號è¦æ ¼]最後的指令：%s let åƒæ•¸ [åƒæ•¸ …]limit第 %d 列：未啟用列編輯為 %s 載入函å¼æ™‚回傳錯誤 (%d)：尚未載入local [option] å稱[=值] …登出 logout [n]迴圈計數make_here_document：ä¸ç•¶çš„指示類型 %dmake_local_variable: ç›®å‰ä½œç”¨åŸŸä¸­æ²’有函數語境make_redirection：é‡æ–°å°Žå‘指示「%dã€è¶…出範åœmalloc: 空閒串列中的å€å¡Šæ壞malloc: 主張失敗: %s mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]超éŽæ­¤è™•æª”案上é™æœ€å¤§å€¼é·ç§»è¡Œç¨‹è‡³å¦ä¸€å€‹ CPU缺少「)ã€ç¼ºå°‘「]ã€ä½¿ç”¨äº† \x 但缺少å六進ä½æ•¸å­—使用了 \%c 但缺少è¬åœ‹ç¢¼æ•¸å­—ä¸æ”¯æ´ç¶²è·¯æ“作%s çš„ exportstr 中沒有「=ã€%2$s 中沒有閉åˆçš„「%1$cã€æœªæ‰¾åˆ°æŒ‡ä»¤æ²’有與「%sã€ç¬¦åˆçš„說明主題。嘗試「help helpã€æˆ–「man -k %sã€æˆ–「info %sã€ã€‚沒有工作控制此 shell 中無工作控制無符åˆ: %s無其他目錄其他é¸é …ä¸èƒ½èˆ‡ã€Œ-xã€åŒæ™‚使用目å‰æœªåŸ·è¡Œè‡ªå‹•å®ŒæˆåŠŸèƒ½ä¸æ˜¯ç™»å…¥ shell: 使用「exitã€ç©ºçš„目錄八進ä½æ•¸å­—僅在「forã€ï¼Œã€Œwhileã€ï¼Œ 或者「untilã€è¿´åœˆä¸­æœ‰æ„義管é“錯誤pop_scope: shell_variables çš„å‰ç«¯ä¸æ˜¯è‡¨æ™‚環境作用域pop_var_context: shell_variables çš„å‰ç«¯ä¸æ˜¯å‡½æ•¸èªžå¢ƒpop_var_context: 沒有 global_variables 語境popd [-n] [+N | -N]å³å°‡åœæ­¢é›»æºå·²åœ¨äº’å‹•å¼ shell 中忽略美化輸出模å¼print_command: 錯誤的æ¢ä»¶é€£æŽ¥ç¬¦ã€Œ%dã€printf [-v var] æ ¼å¼ [åƒæ•¸]progcomp_insert: %s: 空的自動完æˆè¦æ ¼programmable_completion：%s：å¯èƒ½é‡è©¦è¿´åœˆç¨‹å¼è¨­è¨ˆéŒ¯èª¤pushd [-n] [+N | -N | 目錄]pwd [-LP]read [-ers] [-a 陣列] [-d 分隔符] [-i ç·©è¡å€æ–‡å­—] [-n 讀å–字元數] [-N 讀å–字元數] [-p æ示符] [-t 逾時] [-u 檔案æ述符] [å稱 …]讀å–錯誤: %d: %sreadarray [-d 分割符號] [-n 計數] [-O 起始åºè™Ÿ] [-s 計數] [-t] [-u fd] [-C 回呼] [-c 定é‡] [陣列]readonly [-aAf] [å稱[=值] …] 或 readonly -prealloc: 用未分é…çš„å€å¡Šåšç‚ºå‘¼å«åƒæ•¸realloc: 啟始和末尾å€å¡Šå¤§å°ä¸ä¸€è‡´realloc: åµæ¸¬åˆ°ä¸‹é™æº¢ä½ï¼›magic8 æ壞realloc: 檢測到下é™æº¢ä½ï¼›mh_nbytes 超出範åœéžè¿´å †ç–Šä¸‹é™æº¢ä½é‡å®šå‘錯誤: 無法複製檔案æ述符register_alloc: %p 在表中顯示為已分é…？ register_alloc: 分é…表已經充滿了 FIND_ALLOC？ register_free: %p 在表中顯示為已釋放？ å—é™çš„return [n]run_pending_traps: trap_list[%d] 中的錯誤值: %prun_pending_traps：訊號處ç†æ˜¯ SIG_DFL，resending %d (%s) to myselfsave_bash_input: 已經存在æ供給新 fd %d çš„ç·©è¡å€select NAME [in å­—è©ž … ;] do 指令 ; doneset [-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o option-name] [--] [-] [arg ...]setlocale: %s: 無法變更語å€é¸é … (%s)setlocale: %s: 無法變更語å€é¸é … (%s): %ssetlocale: LC_ALL: 無法變更語å€é¸é … (%s)setlocale: LC_ALL: 無法變更語å€é¸é … (%s): %sshell 層次 (%d) 太高，é‡è¨­ç‚º 1shell_getc: shell_input_line_size (%zu) è¶…éŽ SIZE_MAX (%lu)：列被截斷shift [n]ä½ç§»è¨ˆæ•¸shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [é¸é …å …]sigprocmask：%d：無效æ“作source 檔å [åƒæ•¸]start_pipeline: 行程群組管é“suspend [-f]語法錯誤語法錯誤，在有æ¢ä»¶çš„表示å¼æ¢ä»¶è¡¨ç¤ºå¼ä¸­æœ‰èªžæ³•éŒ¯èª¤: 未é æœŸçš„字組「%sã€è¡¨ç¤ºå¼èªžæ³•éŒ¯èª¤è®Šæ•¸å®šç¾©èªžæ³•éŒ¯èª¤ã€Œ%sã€é™„近有語法錯誤未é æœŸçš„字組「%sã€é™„近有語法錯誤語法錯誤：éžé æœŸçš„「%sã€èªžæ³•éŒ¯èª¤ï¼šã€Œ((%s))ã€èªžæ³•éŒ¯èª¤ï¼šã€Œ;ã€æ„外語法錯誤：需è¦ç®—å¼èªžæ³•éŒ¯èª¤: 無效的算術é‹ç®—å­èªžæ³•éŒ¯èª¤: 需è¦é‹ç®—元語法錯誤: 未é æœŸçš„檔案çµå°¾ç³»çµ±å³å°‡å´©æ½°test [表示å¼]time [-p] 管é“太多åƒæ•¸trap [-lp] [[åƒæ•¸] 訊號è¦æ ¼ …]æ•æ‰è™•ç†å‡½å¼ï¼šé”到最大æ•æ‰è™•ç†å‡½å¼ç­‰ç´š (%d)trap_handler：ä¸ç•¶çš„訊號 %dtype [-afptP] å稱 [å稱 …]typeset [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] name[=value] ... 或 typeset -p [-aAfFilnrtux] [name ...]ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT] [limit]umask [-p] [-S] [模å¼]unalias [-a] å稱 [å稱 …]尋找「]]ã€æ™‚é‡åˆ°äº†æœªé æœŸçš„檔案çµæŸç¬¦å°‹æ‰¾ç¬¦åˆçš„「%cã€æ™‚é‡åˆ°äº†æœªé æœŸçš„檔案çµæŸç¬¦å°‹æ‰¾ç¬¦åˆçš„「)ã€æ™‚é‡åˆ°äº†æœªé æœŸçš„檔案çµæŸç¬¦äºŒå…ƒæ¢ä»¶é‹ç®—å­ä½¿ç”¨äº†æœªé æœŸçš„åƒæ•¸ã€Œ%sã€ä¸€å…ƒæ¢ä»¶é‹ç®—å­ä½¿ç”¨äº†æœªé æœŸçš„åƒæ•¸ã€Œ%sã€äºŒå…ƒæ¢ä»¶é‹ç®—å­ä½¿ç”¨äº†æœªé æœŸçš„åƒæ•¸ä¸€å…ƒæ¢ä»¶é‹ç®—å­ä½¿ç”¨äº†æœªé æœŸçš„åƒæ•¸æ¢ä»¶æŒ‡ä»¤ä¸­æœ‰æœªé æœŸçš„字組 %dæ¢ä»¶æŒ‡ä»¤ä¸­æœ‰æœªé æœŸçš„字組「%cã€æ¢ä»¶æŒ‡ä»¤ä¸­æœ‰æœªé æœŸçš„字組「%sã€æœªé æœŸçš„字組「%sã€ï¼Œéœ€è¦äºŒå…ƒæ¢ä»¶é‹ç®—å­æœªé æœŸçš„字組「%sã€ï¼Œéœ€è¦ã€Œ)ã€ä¸æ˜Žä¸æ˜ŽæŒ‡ä»¤éŒ¯èª¤unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [å稱 …]until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS-2; done數值太大ä¸å¯ç‚ºç®—術進ä½çš„基底variables - 一些 shell 變數的å稱和å«ç¾©wait [-fn] [-p 變數] [編號 …]wait [行程識別碼 …]wait: 行程識別碼 %ld ä¸æ˜¯ç›®å‰ shell çš„å­è¡Œç¨‹wiat_for: 沒有行程 %ld 的紀錄wait_for_job: 工作 %d å·²åœæ­¢waitchld: é–‹å•Ÿ WNOHANG 以é¿å…ç„¡é™é˜»å¡žè­¦å‘Šï¼šè­¦å‘Š: %s: %s警告：-C é¸é …å¯èƒ½ç„¡æ³•æŒ‰é æœŸå·¥ä½œè­¦å‘Šï¼š-F é¸é …å¯èƒ½ç„¡æ³•æŒ‰é æœŸå·¥ä½œwhile COMMANDS; do COMMANDS-2; done寫入時發生錯誤：%sxtrace fd (%d) != fileno xtrace fp (%d)xtrace_set: %d: 無效的檔案æ述符xtrace_set: 空的檔案指標{ 指令 ; }